Start-ups and Local Entrepreneurial Social Capital in the Municipalities of Sweden

REFERENCES

• Albell P., Chrouchley R. and Mills C. (2001) Social capital and entrepreneurship in Great Britain, Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies 2(2), 119–144. doi: 10.1080/14632440110083382
   Google Scholar
• Aldrich H. E. (1999) Organizations Evolving. Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Andersson M. and Gråsjö U. (2009) Spatial dependence and the representation of space in empirical models, Annals of Regional Science 43(1), 159–180. doi: 10.1007/s00168-008-0211-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson M. and Koster S. (2011) Sources of persistence in regional start-up rates – evidence from Sweden, Journal of Economic Geography 11(1), 179–201. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbp069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armington C. and Acs Z. (2002) The determinants of regional variation in new firm formation, Regional Studies 36, 33–45. doi: 10.1080/00343400120099843
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Autio E. and Wennberg K. (2009) Social interactions and entrepreneurial activity. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Meeting, Chicago, IL, USA, 7–11 August 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Baptista R. and Mendonça J. (2010) Proximity to knowledge sources and the location of knowledge-based start-ups, Annals of Regional Science 45(1), 5–29. doi: 10.1007/s00168-009-0289-4
   Google Scholar
• Bauernschuster S., Falck O. and Heblich S. (2010) Social capital access and entrepreneurship, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 76, 821–833. doi: 10.1016/j.jebo.2010.09.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beugelsdijk S. and Noorderhaven N. (2004) Entrepreneurial attitude and economic growth: a cross-section of 54 regions, Annals of Regional Science 38, 199–218. doi: 10.1007/s00168-004-0192-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolton R. E. (2002) Place surplus, exit, voice, and loyalty, in Johansson B., Karlsson C. and Stough R. R. (Eds) Regional Policies and Comparative Advantage, pp. 469–488. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
   Google Scholar
• Bosma N., Hessels J., Schutjens V. and van Praag M. (2012) Entrepreneurship and role models, Journal of Economic Psychology 33(2), 410–424. doi: 10.1016/j.joep.2011.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman J. S. (1988) Social capital in the creation of human capital, American Journal of Sociology 94(Suppl.), 95–120.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman J. S. (1990) Foundations of Social Theory. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Davidsson P. and Honig B. (2003) The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs, Journal of Business Venturing 18(3), 301–331. doi: 10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00097-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidsson P., Lindmark L. and Olofsson C. (1994) New firm formation and regional development in Sweden, Regional Studies 28(4), 395–410. doi: 10.1080/00343409412331348356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Clercq D. and Arenius P. (2003) Effects of Human Capital and Social Capital on Entrepreneurial Activity. Babson College, Babson Kauffman Entrepreneurship Research Conference (BKERC), 2002–2006 (available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1782232).
   Google Scholar
• Delmar F., Folta T. and Wennberg K. (2008) The Dynamics of Combining Self-Employment and Employment. Working Paper Number 2008:23. IFAU, Institute for Labour Market Evaluation, Uppsala.
   Google Scholar
• Doh S. and Zolnik E. J. (2011) Social capital and entrepreneurship: an exploratory analysis, African Journal of Business Management 5(12), 4961–4975.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eklund S. and Vejsiu A. (2008) Incentives to Self-Employment Decision in Sweden: A Gender Perspective. Ministry of Industry, Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Eliasson K. and Westlund H. (2013) Attributes influencing self-employment propensity in urban and rural Sweden, Annals of Regional Science 50(2), 479–514. doi: 10.1007/s00168-012-0501-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliasson K., Westlund H. and Fölster S. (2013) Does social capital contribute to regional economic growth? Swedish experiences, in Westlund H. and Kobayashi K. (Eds) Social Capital and Rural Development in the Knowledge Society, pp. 113–126. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
   Google Scholar
• Etzioni A. (1987) Entrepreneurship, adaptation and legitimation, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 8, 175–199. doi: 10.1016/0167-2681(87)90002-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freytag A. and Thurik R. (2007) Entrepreneurship and its determinants in a cross-country setting, Journal of Evolutionary Economics 17, 117–131.
   Google Scholar
• Fritsch M. and Falck O. (2007) New business formation by industry over space and time: a multidimensional analysis, Regional Studies 41(2), 157–172. doi: 10.1080/00343400600928301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritsch M. and Mueller P. (2007) The persistence of regional new business formation-activity over time – assessing the potential of policy promotion programs, Journal of Evolutionary Economics 17(3), 299–315. doi: 10.1007/s00191-007-0056-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritsch M. and Wyrwich M. (2014) The long persistence of regional levels of entrepreneurship: Germany 1925 to 2005, Regional Studies (in this issue).
   Google Scholar
• Garfoli G. (1994) New firm formation and regional development: the Italian case, Regional Studies 28(4), 381–393. doi: 10.1080/00343409412331348346
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene P. (2000) Self-employment as an economic behavior: an analysis of self-employed women's human and social capital, National Journal of Sociology 12, 1–55.
   Google Scholar
• Grek J., Karlsson C. and Klaesson J. (2011) Determinants of entry and exit: the significance of demand and supply conditions at the regional level, in Kourtit L., Nijkamp P. and Stough R. R. (Eds) Drivers of Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Regional Dynamics, pp. 121–141. Springer, Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Gries T. and Naudé W. (2009) Entrepreneurship and regional economic growth: towards a general theory of start-ups, European Journal of Social Science Research 22(3), 309–328. doi: 10.1080/13511610903354877
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannisson B. (2000) Modernising the industrial district – rejuvenation or managerial colonisation, in Taylor M. and Vatne E. (Eds) The Networked Firm in a Global World: Small Firms in New Environments, ch. 12. Ashgate, Aldershot.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson B., Klaesson J. and Olsson M. (2003) Commuters’ non-linear response to time distances, Journal of Geographical Systems 5(3), 315–329. doi: 10.1007/s10109-003-0111-2
   Google Scholar
• Johnson P. S. (1983) New manufacturing firms in the U.K. regions, Scottish Journal of Political Economy 30(1), 75–79. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9485.1983.tb01002.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson P. S. and Cathcart D. G. (1979) The founders of new manufacturing firms: a note on the size of their ‘incubator’ plants, Journal of Industrial Economics 28(2), 219–224 doi: 10.2307/2098039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson C. and Backman M. (2011) Accessibility to human capital and new firm formation, International Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy 7(1–3), 7–22. doi: 10.1504/IJFIP.2011.040063
   Google Scholar
• Karlsson C. and Nyström K. (2011) Knowledge accessibility and new firm formation, in Desai S., Nijkamp P. and Stough R. R. (Eds) New Directions in Regional Economic Development: The Role of Entrepreneurship Theory and Methods, Practice and Policy, pp. 174–197. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
   Google Scholar
• Karlsson T. and Wigren C. (2012). Start-ups among university employees: the influence of legitimacy, human capital and social capital, Journal of Technology Transfer 37(3), 297–312.
   Google Scholar
• Keeble D. (1993) Regional patterns of small firm development in the business services: evidence from the United Kingdom, Environment and Planning A 25, 677–700. doi: 10.1068/a250677
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keeble D. and Walker S. (1994) New firms, small firms and dead firms: spatial patterns and determinants in the United Kingdom, Regional Studies 28(4), 411–427. doi: 10.1080/00343409412331348366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lafuente E., Vaillant Y. and Rialp J. (2007) Regional differences in the influence of role models: comparing the entrepreneurial process of rural Catalonia, Regional Studies 41(6), 779–795. doi: 10.1080/00343400601120247
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao J. and Welsch H. (2005) Roles of social capital in venture creation: key dimensions and research implications, Journal of Small Business Management 43(4), 345–362. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-627X.2005.00141.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundström A. and Stevenson L. (2005) Entrepreneurship Policy: Theory and Practice. Kluwer, Boston, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Lundström A., Vikström P., Fink M., Crijns H., Głodek P., Storey D. and Kroksgård A. (2013) Measuring the costs and coverage of SME and entrepreneurship policy: a pioneering study entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Article first published online: 7 May 2013. DOI: 10.1111/etap.12037.
   Google Scholar
• Nahapiet J. and Ghoshal S. (1998) Social capital, intellectual capital and the organizational advantage, Academy of Management Review 23, 242–66.
   Google Scholar
• Nyström K. (2006) Entry and Exit in Swedish Industrial Sectors. JIBS Dissertation Series Number 32, Jönköping International Business School, Jönköping.
   Google Scholar
• Nyström K. (2007) An industry disaggregated analysis of the determinants of regional entry and exit, Annals of Regional Science 41(4), 877–896. doi: 10.1007/s00168-007-0130-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2001) The Well-being of Nations: The Role of Human and Social Capital. OECD, Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Parker S. C. (2009) Why do small firms produce the entrepreneurs?, Journal of Socio-Economics 38(3), 484–494. doi: 10.1016/j.socec.2008.07.013
   Google Scholar
• Pettersson L., Sjölander P. and Widell L. M. (2010) Do startups in the agricultural sector generate employment in the rest of the economy? – an Arellano–Bond dynamic panel study, in Kobayashi K., Westlund H. and Yehong H. (Eds) Social Capital and Development Trends in Rural Areas, Vol. 6, pp. 255–273. MARG, Kyoto University, Kyoto.
   Google Scholar
• Putnam R. D. (1993) Making Democracy Work. Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Rader Olsson A. and Westlund H. (2011) Measuring political entrepreneurship: an empirical study of Swedish municipalities. Paper presented at the 51st Congress of the European Regional Science Association, Barcelona, Spain, 30 August–3 September 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Raposo M. L. B., Matos Ferreira J. J., Finisterra D. O., Paco A. M. and Gouveia Rodrigues R. J. A. (2008) Propensity to firm creation: empirical research using structural equations, International Entrepreneurship Management Journal 4(4), 485–504. doi: 10.1007/s11365-008-0089-9
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds P., Miller B. and Maki W. R. (1995) Explaining regional variation in business births and deaths: U.S. 1976–88, Small Business Economics 7(4), 389–407. doi: 10.1007/BF01302739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds P., Storey D. J. and Westhead P. (1994) Cross-national comparisons of the variation in new firm formation rates, Regional Studies 28(4), 443–456. doi: 10.1080/00343409412331348386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxenian A. (1994) Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Schenkel M. T., Hechavarria D. M. and Matthews C. H. (2009) The role of human and social capital and technology in nascent ventures, in Reynolds P. D. and Curtin R. T. (Eds) New Firm Creation in the United States, pp. 157–183. Springer, Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Schultz T. and Baumgartner D. (2011) Volunteer organizations: odds or obstacle for small business formation in rural areas? Evidence from Swiss municipalities, Regional Studies 47(4), 597–612. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2011.587799
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumpeter J. A. (1934) The Theory of Economic Development. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Schutjens V. and Völker B. (2010) Space and social capital: the degree of locality in entrepreneurs’ contacts and its consequences for firm success, European Planning Studies 18(6), 941–970. doi: 10.1080/09654311003701480
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoni C. and Labory S. (2006) The influence of social capital on entrepreneurial behaviour, in Minniti M., Zacharakis A., Spinelli S., Rice M. P. and Habbershon T. G. (Eds) Entrepreneurship: The Engine of Growth, pp. 101–118. Praeger, Westport, CT.
   Google Scholar
• Soetanto D. P. and van Geenhuizen M. (2010) Social capital through networks: the case of university spin-off firms in different stages, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 101(5), 509–520. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9663.2010.00632.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørensen J. B. (2007) Bureaucracy and entrepreneurship: workplace effects on entrepreneurial entry, Administrative Science Quarterly 52(3), 387–412.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg R. (2009) Regional dimensions of entrepreneurship, Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship 5(2), 211–340.
   Google Scholar
• Storey D. J. and Johnson S. (1987) Regional variations in entrepreneurship in the U.K., Scottish Journal of Political Economy 34(2), 161–173. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9485.1987.tb00276.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton P. A. (1999) The sociology of entrepreneurship, Annual Review of Sociology 25, 19–46. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westlund H. (2006) Social Capital in the Knowledge Economy: Theory and Empirics. Springer, Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Westlund H. (2011) Multidimensional entrepreneurship: theoretical considerations and Swedish empirics, Regional Science Policy and Practice 3(3), 199–218. doi: 10.1111/j.1757-7802.2011.01037.x
   Google Scholar
• Westlund H. and Adam F. (2010) Social capital and economic performance: a meta-analysis of 65 studies, European Planning Studies 18(6), 893–919. doi: 10.1080/09654311003701431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westlund H. and Bolton R. E. (2003) Local social capital and entrepreneurship, Small Business Economics 21, 77–113. doi: 10.1023/A:1025024009072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar