REFERENCES
- Abramovitz, M. (1986). Catching up, forging ahead and falling behind. Journal of Economic History, 46(2), 385–406. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700046209
- Agarwal, R., & Gort, M. (2001). First mover advantage and the speed of competitive entry, 1887–1986. Journal of Law and Economics, 44(1), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1086/320279
- Asheim, B. (2019). Smart Specialisation, innovation policy and regional innovation systems: what about new path development in less innovative regions? Innovation: European Journal of Social Science Research, 32(1), 8–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2018.1491001
- Asheim, B., & Gertler, M. (2005). The geography of innovation: Regional innovation systems. In J. Fagerberg, D. C. Mowery, & R. R. Nelson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of innovation (pp. 291–317). Oxford University Press.
- Asheim, B., & Grillitsch, M. (2015). Smart Specialisation: sources for new path development in a peripheral manufacturing region (Papers in Innovation Studies No. 2015/11) Lund: Lund University, CIRCLE – Center for Innovation, Research and Competences in the Learning Economy.
- Asheim, B., Grillitsch, M., & Trippl, M. (2016). Regional innovation systems: Past–present–future. Handbook on the geographies of innovation. Edward Elgar.
- Audretsch, D. B., Falck, O., Feldman, M. P., & Heblich, S. (2012). Local entrepreneurship in context. Regional Studies, 46(3), 379–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2010.490209
- Baptista, R., & Leitão, J. (2015). Entrepreneurship, human capital, and regional development. Springer.
- Baumgartner, D., Pütz, M., & Seidl, I. (2013). What kind of entrepreneurship drives regional development in European non-core regions? A literature review on empirical entrepreneurship research. European Planning Studies, 21(8), 1095–1127. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2012.722937
- Beugelsdijk, S., & Noorderhaven, N. (2004). Entrepreneurial attitude and economic growth: A cross-section of 54 regions. Annals of Regional Science, 38(2), 199–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-004-0192-y
- Bosma, N., & Schutjens, V. (2011). Understanding regional variation in entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurial attitude in Europe. Annals of Regional Science, 47(3), 711–742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-010-0375-7
- Bürcher, S., Habersetzer, A., & Mayer, H. (2016). Entrepreneurship in peripheral regions: A relational perspective. In E. A. Mack, & H. Qian (Eds.), Geographies of entrepreneurship. Routledge studies in human geography (pp. 143–164). Routledge.
- Chaminade, C., Intarakumnerd, P., & Sapprasert, K. (2012). Measuring systemic problems in national innovation systems. An application to Thailand. Research Policy, 41(8), 1476–1488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.04.004
- Colombelli, A. (2016). The impact of local knowledge bases on the creation of innovative start-ups in Italy. Small Business Economics, 47(2), 383–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9722-0
- Colombo, M. G., & Delmastro, M. (2002). How effective are technology incubators? Evidence from Italy. Research Policy, 31(7), 1103–1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00178-0
- Cunha, D., Silva, S., & Teixeira, A. (2013). Are academic spin-offs necessarily new technology-based firms? (FEP Working Papers No. 482). Porto: Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Economia do Porto.
- Czarnitzki, D., & Delanote, J. (2013). Young innovative companies: The new high-growth firms? Industrial and Corporate Change, 22(5), 1315–1340. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dts039
- Edquist, C. (2005). Systems of innovation. Perspectives and challenges. In J. Fagerberg, D. Mowery, & R. R. Nelson (Eds.), Oxford handbook of innovation (pp. 181–208). Oxford University Press.
- Eisenhardt, K. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532–550. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4308385
- European Commission (EC). (2012). Guide to research and innovation strategies for Smart Specialisations (RIS3). Publications Office of the European Union.
- Feldman, M. (2005). Creating a cluster while building a firm: Entrepreneurs and the formation of industrial clusters. Regional Studies, 39(1), 129–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340052000320888
- Fernández-Serrano, J., Martínez-Román, J. A., & Romero, I. (2019). The entrepreneur in the regional innovation system. A comparative study for high- and low-income regions. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 31(5), 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2018.1513079
- Foray, D., David, P. A., & Hall, B. H. (2011). Smart Specialization: From academic idea to political instrument. The surprising career of a concept and the difficulties involved in its implementation (No. EPFL-WORKING-170252). EPFL.
- Freire-Gibb, L. C., & Nielsen, K. (2014). Entrepreneurship within urban and rural areas: Creative people and social networks. Regional Studies, 48(1), 139–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.808322
- Fritsch, M., & Schindele, Y. (2011). The contribution of new businesses to regional employment: An empirical analysis. Economic Geography, 87(2), 153–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-8287.2011.01113.x
- Ghazinoory, S., & Ghazinouri, R. (2009). Nanotechnology and sociopolitical modernity in developing countries; case study of Iran. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 15(3), 395–417. https://doi.org/10.3846/1392-8619.2009.15.395-417
- Ghazinoory, S., Riahi, P., Azar, A., & Miremadi, T. (2014). Measuring innovation performance of developing regions: learning and catch-up in provinces of Iran. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 20(3), 507–533. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2014.881433
- Goodarzi, M., & Ghazinoori, S. (2013). From developing a higher education system to moving toward a knowledge-based economy: A short history of three decades of STI policy in Iran. In A. S. Soofi, & S. Ghazinoory (Eds.), Science and innovations in Iran (pp. 39–56). Palgrave Macmillan.
- Grillitsch, M., & Sotarauta, M. (2018). Regional growth paths: From structure to agency and back (Papers in Innovation Studies No. 2018/01). Lund: Centre for Innovation, Research and Competence in the Learning Economy, Lund University.
- Grilo, I., & Irigoyen, J. (2006). Entrepreneurship in the EU: To wish and not to be. Small Business Economics, 26(4), 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-005-1561-3
- Innovation and Prosperity Fund (IPF). (2018). The performance report of IPF. Retrieved from www.nsfund.ir
- Isaksen, A. (2015). Industrial development in thin regions: Trapped in path extension? Journal of Economic Geography, 15(3), 585–600. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbu026
- Isaksen, A., Kyllingstad, N., Rypestøl, J., & Schulze-Krogh, A. (2018). Differentiated regional entrepreneurial discovery processes. A conceptual discussion and empirical illustration from three emergent clusters. European Planning Studies, 26(11), 2200–2215. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2018.1530143
- Isaksen, A., & Trippl, M. (2017). Innovation in space: The mosaic of regional innovation patterns. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 33(1), 122–140. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grw035
- Kanani, M., & Goodarzi, M. (2017). Fostering new technology-based firms in Iran: Inspiration of world models in solving domestic challenges. In A. Soofi, & M. Goodarzi (Eds.), The development of science and technology in Iran (pp. 29–43). Palgrave Macmillan.
- Lall, S. (1996). Learning from the Asian Tigers: Studies in technology and industrial policy. Macmillan.
- Maine, E. M., Shapiro, D., & Vining, A. (2010). The role of clustering in the growth of new technology-based firms. Small Business Economics, 34, 127–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-008-9104-3
- Malecki, E. (1994). Entrepreneurship in regional and local development. International Regional Science Review, 16(1–2), 119–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/016001769401600107
- Malerba, F., & Orsenigo, L. (1999). Technological entry, exit and survival: An empirical analysis of patent data. Research Policy, 28(6), 643–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00005-0
- Marshal, C., & Rossman, G. (2006). Designing qualitative research. Sage.
- Mason, C. (1991). Spatial variations in enterprise. In R. Burrows (Ed.), Deciphering the enterprise culture (pp. 74–106). Routledge.
- Metcalfe, S. (2004). The entrepreneur and the style of modern economics. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 14(2), 157–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-004-0210-3
- Ministry of Cooperatives Labour and Social Welfare. (2019). Takapoo reports for provinces. Retrieved from https://karafarini.mcls.gov.ir/fa/kholasemodiriyati
- Naghizadeh, R., Elahi, S., Manteghi, M., Ghazinoory, S., & Ranga, M. (2015). Through the magnifying glass: An analysis of regional innovation models based on co-word and meta-synthesis methods. Quality and Quantity, 49(6), 2481–2505. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-014-0123-7
- Ranga, M. (2018). Smart Specialization as a strategy to develop early-stage regional innovation systems. European Planning Studies, 26(11), 2125–2146. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2018.1530149
- Rickne, A., & Jacobsson, S. (1999). New technology-based firms in Sweden: A study of their direct impact on industrial renewal. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 8(3), 197–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599900000009
- Romijn, H. (1999). Acquisition of technological capability in small firms in developing countries. Macmillan.
- Salamonsen, K. (2015). The effects of exogenous shocks on the development of regional innovation systems. European Planning Studies, 23(9), 1770–1795. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1038221
- Santarelli, E., & Vivarelli, M. (2007). Entrepreneurship and the process of firms’ entry. Survival and Growth Industrial and Corporate Change, 16(3), 455–488. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtm010
- Statistical Center of Iran. (2019). Key indicators of Iran. Retrieved from https://www.amar.org.ir/
- Storey, D. J., & Tether, B. S. (1998). New technology-based firms in the European Union: An introduction. Research Policy, 26(9), 933–946. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(97)00052-8
- Szogs, A. (2008). The role of mediator organisations in the making of innovation systems in least developed countries: evidence from Tanzania. International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, 4(3), 223–237. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTG.2008.020328
- Tödtling, F., & Trippl, M. (2005). One size fits all? Towards a differentiated regional innovation policy approach. Research Policy, 34(8), 1203–1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2005.01.018
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (2016). Science, technology and innovation policy review: Iran (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2016/3).
- Vang, J., & Asheim, B. (2006). Regions, absorptive capacity and strategic coupling with high tech TNCs: Lessons from India and China. Science, Technology and Society, 11(1), 39–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/097172180501100103
- Yin, R. (1994). Case study research: Design and methods (2nd ed.). Sage.
- Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: Design and methods. Sage.
- Zapata-Huamaní, G. A., Fernández-López, S., Neira-Gómez, I., & Rey-Ares, L. (2017). The role of the entrepreneur in new technology-based firms (NTBFs): An analysis according to context development. Regional and Sectoral Economic Studies, 17(2), 25–42.