REFERENCES
- Acemoglu, D., Hassan, T. A., & Robinson, J. A. (2011). Social structure and development: A legacy of the holocaust in Russia. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(2), 895–946. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjr018
- Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2001). The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation. American Economic Review, 91(5), 1369–1401. http://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.5.1369
- Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2005). The rise of Europe: Atlantic trade, institutional change and economic growth. American Economic Review, 95(3), 546–579. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201305
- Acs, Z. J., & Mueller, P. (2007). Employment effects of business dynamics: Mice, gazelles and elephants. Small Business Economics, 30(1), 85–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-007-9052-3
- Andersson, M., & Koster, S. (2011). Sources of persistence in regional start-up rates – Evidence from Sweden. Journal of Economic Geography, 11(1), 179–201. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbp069
- Audretsch, D. B., & Fritsch, M. (1994). The geography of firm births in Germany. Regional Studies, 28(4), 359–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343409412331348326
- Audretsch, D. B., Heger, D., & Veith, T. (2015). Infrastructure and entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 44(2), 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-014-9600-6
- Audretsch, D. B., Hulsbeck, M., & Lehmann, E. E. (2012). Regional competitiveness, university spillovers, and entrepreneurial activity. Small Business Economics, 39(3), 587–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-011-9332-9
- Audretsch, D. B., & Keilbach, M. (2004). Entrepreneurship capital and economic performance. Regional Studies, 38(8), 949–959. https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340042000280956
- Banerjee, A., Duflo, E., & Qian, N. (2020). On the road: Access to transportation infrastructure and economic growth in China. Journal of Development Economics, 145, UNSP 102442. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102442
- Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
- Becker, S. O., Grosfeld, I., Grosjean, P., Voigtländer, N., & Zhuravskaya, E. (2020). Forced migration and human capital: Evidence from post-WWII population transfers. American Economic Review, 110(5), 1430–1463. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20181518
- Berkowitz, D., & Clay, K. (2006). The effect of judicial independence on courts: Evidence from the American states. Journal of Legal Studies, 35(2), 399–440. https://doi.org/10.1086/505052
- China Statistical Yearbook for Regional Economy. (2005). National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC). China Statistics Press. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjcbw/. [in Chinese]
- China Statistical Yearbook for Regional Economy. (2009). National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC). China Statistics Press. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjcbw/. [in Chinese]
- China Statistical Yearbook for Regional Economy. (2014). National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC). China Statistics Press. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjcbw/. [in Chinese]
- Chinitz, B. (1961). Contrasts in agglomeration: New York and Pittsburgh. American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 51(2), 279–289.
- Cochran, S. (1980). Big business in China: Sino-foreign rivalry in the cigarette industry, 1890–1930. Harvard University Press.
- Cohen, P. A. (2010). Discovering history in China: American historical writing on the recent Chinese past. Columbia University Press.
- Del Monte, A., & Pennacchio, L. (2019). Historical roots of regional entrepreneurship: The role of knowledge and creativity. Small Business Economics, 1, 1–22. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00139-8
- Enflo, K., Alvarez-Palau, E., & Marti-Henneberg, J. (2018). Transportation and regional inequality: The impact of railways in the Nordic countries, 1860–1960. Journal of Historical Geography, 62, 51–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2018.05.001
- Fairbank, J. K., & Goldman, M. (2006). China: A new history. Harvard University Press.
- Fritsch, M., & Mueller, P. (2004). Effects of new business formation on regional development over time. Regional Studies, 38(8), 961–975. https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340042000280965
- Fritsch, M., Obschonka, M., & Wyrwich, M. (2019a). Historical roots of entrepreneurship-facilitating culture and innovation activity: An analysis for German regions. Regional Studies, 53(9), 1296–1307. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1580357
- Fritsch, M., Sorgner, A., Wyrwich, M., & Zazdravnykh, E. (2019b). Historical shocks and persistence of economic activity: Evidence on self-employment from a unique natural experiment. Regional Studies, 53(6), 790–802. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2018.1492112
- Fritsch, M., & Wyrwich, M. (2014). The long persistence of regional levels of entrepreneurship: Germany, 1925–2005. Regional Studies, 48(6), 955–973. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.816414
- Fritsch, M., & Wyrwich, M. (2017). Persistence of regional entrepreneurship: Causes, effects, and directions for future research. International Review of Entrepreneurship, 15, 395–416.
- Gherhes, C., Vorley, T., & Williams, N. (2018). Entrepreneurship and local economic resilience: The impact of institutional hysteresis in peripheral places. Small Business Economics, 51(3), 577–590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9946-7
- Glaeser, E. L., Kerr, S. P., & Kerr, W. R. (2015). Entrepreneurship and urban growth: An empirical assessment with historical mines. Review of Economics and Statistics, 97(2), 498–520. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00456
- Glaeser, E. L., & Kerr, W. R. (2009). Local industrial conditions and entrepreneurship: How much of the spatial distribution can we explain? Journal of Economics and Management Strategy, 18(3), 623–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9134.2009.00225.x
- Glaeser, E. L., Kerr, W. R., & Ponzetto, G. A. M. (2010). Clusters of entrepreneurship. Journal of Urban Economics, 67(1), 150–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2009.09.008
- Glaeser, E. L., Ponzetto, G. A. M., & Tobio, K. (2014). Cities, skills and regional change. Regional Studies, 48(1), 7–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2012.674637
- Greif, A., & Tabellini, G. (2010). Cultural and institutional bifurcation: China and Europe compared. American Economic Review, 100(2), 135–140. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.2.135
- Greif, A., & Tabellini, G. (2017). The clan and the corporation: Sustaining cooperation in China and Europe. Journal of Comparative Economics, 45(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2016.12.003
- Guo, Q., He, C., & Li, D. (2016). Entrepreneurship in China: The role of localisation and urbanisation economies. Urban Studies, 53(12), 2584–2606. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015595598
- Hamashita, T. (1898). Studies on the history of modern Chinese history: Haiguan finance and treaty port market network in the late Qing era. Kyuko Shoin.
- Head, K., Ries, J., Sun, X., & Hong, J. (2015). The legacy of nineteenth century treaties on the current trade of Chinese cities. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Economics, 22(3), 251–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2015.1057948
- Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequence: International differences in work-related values. Sage.
- Huillery, E. (2009). History matters: The long-term impact of Colonial public investments in French West Africa. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 1(2), 176–215. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.1.2.176
- Iyer, L. (2010). Direct versus indirect colonial rule in India: Long-term consequences. Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(4), 693–713. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00023
- Jia, R. (2014). The legacies of forced freedom: China’s treaty ports. Review of Economics and Statistics, 96(4), 596–608. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00458
- Keller, W. B., Li, B., & Shiue, C. H. (2013). Shanghai’s trade, China’s growth: Continuity recovery, and change since the Opium Wars. IMF Economic Review, 61(2), 336–378. https://doi.org/10.1057/imfer.2013.10
- Kibler, E., Kautonen, T., & Fink, M. (2014). Regional social legitimacy of entrepreneurship: Implications for entrepreneurial intention and start-up behaviour. Regional Studies, 48(6), 995–1015. http://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.851373
- Krugman, P. (1991). Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 99(3), 483–499. https://doi.org/10.1086/261763
- La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1997). Legal determinants of external finance. Journal of Finance, 52(3), 1131–1150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb02727.x
- Lassmann, A., & Busch, C. (2015). Revisiting native and immigrant entrepreneurial activity. Small Business Economics, 45(4), 841–873. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9665-x
- Liang, R. (2015). Treaty ports, railroad, and industrialization in modern China. Economic Research Journal, 4, 178–190. http://doi.org/CNKI:SUN:JJYJ.0.2015-04-014 [in Chinese]
- Long, C., Murrell, P., & Yang, L. (2019). Memories of colonial law: The inheritance of human capital and the location of joint ventures in early-reform China. China Economic Review, 58, 101284, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2019.03.003
- Marshall, A. (1920). Principles of economics. Macmillan.
- Minniti, M. (2005). Entrepreneurship and network externalities. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 57(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2004.10.002
- Nanda, R., & Sørensen, J. B. (2010). Workplace peers and entrepreneurship. Management Science, 56(7), 1116–1126. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1100.1179
- Nunn, N. (2009). The importance of history for economic development. Annual Review of Economics, 1(1), 65–92. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.economics.050708.143336
- Nunn, N. (2014). Handbook of economic growth. Handbook of Economic Growth, 2, 347–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53538-2.00007-1
- Nunn, N., & Puga, D. (2012). Ruggedness: The blessing of bad geography in Africa. Review of Economics and Statistics, 94(1), 20–36. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00161
- Nunn, N., & Qian, N. (2011). The Potato’s contribution to population and urbanization: Evidence from a historical experiment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(2), 593–650. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjr009
- Nunn, N., & Wantchekon, L. (2011). The slave trade and the origins of mistrust in Africa. American Economic Review, 101(7), 3221–3252. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.7.3221
- Obschonka, M., Stuetzer, M., Rentfrow, P. J., Shaw-Taylor, L., Satchell, M., Silbereisen, R. K., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2018). In the shadow of coal: How large-scale industries contributed to present-day regional differences in personality and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(5), 903–927. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000175
- Obschonka, M., Zhou, M., Zhou, Y., Zhang, J., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2019). ‘Confucian’ traits, entrepreneurial personality, and entrepreneurship in China: A regional analysis. Small Business Economics, 53(4), 961–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0103-8
- Redding, S. J., Sturm, D. M., & Wolf, N. (2011). History and industry location: Evidence from German airports. Review of Economics and Statistics, 93(3), 814–831. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00096
- Rocha, R., Ferraz, C., & Soares, R. R. (2017). Human capital persistence and development. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 9(4), 105–136. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20150532
- Rosenthal, S. S., & Strange, W. C. (2004). Evidence on the nature and sources of agglomeration economies. Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, 4, 2119–2171. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0080(04)80006-3
- So, B. K. L., Yip, H., Shiroyama, T., & Matsubara, K. (2011). Modern China’s treaty-port economy in institutional perspective: An introductory essay. In B. K. L. So & R. H. Myers (Eds.), Treaty-port economy in modern China: Empirical studies of institutional change and economic performance (pp. 1–27). Institution of East Asian Studies, University of California at Berkeley.
- Stuetzer, M., Obschonka, M., Audretsch, D. B., Wyrwich, M., Rentfrow, P. J., Coombes, M., Shaw-Taylor, L., & Satchell, M. (2016). Industry structure, entrepreneurship, and culture: An empirical analysis using historical coalfields. European Economic Review, 86, 52–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.08.012
- Tabellini, G. (2010). Culture and institutions: Economic development in the regions of Europe. Journal of the European Economic Association, 8(4), 677–716. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2010.tb00537.x
- Tan, Q. (1987). The historical atlas of China (Qing dynasty). China Cartographic Publ. House.
- The Second Historical Archives of China, & General Administration of Customs of China. (2001). Chinese maritime customs historical archives. Jinghua Press. [in Chinese]
- Wang, H., & Qian, C. (2011). Corporate philanthropy and corporate financial performance: The roles of stakeholder response and political access. Academy of Management Journal, 54(6), 1159–1181. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.0548
- Westlund, H., Larsson, J. P., & Olsson, A. R. (2014). Start-ups and local entrepreneurial social capital in the municipalities of Sweden. Regional Studies, 48(6), 974–994. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.865836
- Williamson, O. E. (2000). The new institutional economics: Taking stock, looking ahead. Journal of Economic Literature, 38(3), 595–613. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.38.3.595
- Wu, S. (2006). A centennial economic map of China: Port city and its hinterland and modernization of China. Shandong Pictorial Publ. House. [in Chinese]
- Wu, S. (2015). Modern economic geography of China, Vol. 1: An introduction and overview of China. East China Normal University Press. [in Chinese]
- Wyrwich, M., Stuetzer, M., & Sternberg, R. (2016). Entrepreneurial role models, fear of failure, and institutional approval of entrepreneurship: A tale of two regions. Small Business Economics, 46(3), 467–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9695-4
- Yang, T. (2002). Port opening and social reform: A study of self-opening commercial ports in Modern China. Zhonghua Book Co. [in Chinese]
- Zhang, C. (2020). Clans, entrepreneurship, and development of the private sector in China. Journal of Comparative Economics, 48(1), 100–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2019.08.008
- Zhang, Y. (1989). The private industry of the Late Qing dynasty and the Early Republic of China. Bulletin of the Institute of Modern History Academia Sinica, 18, 315–561.