Air connectivity and regional employment: a spatial econometrics approach

REFERENCES

• Allroggen, F. (2013). Foerdert ein leistungsfaehiges Verkehrssystem die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung? Zeitschrift für Verkehrswissenschaft, 84(3), 2–43.
   Google Scholar
• Allroggen, F., & Malina, R. (2014). Do the regional growth effects of air transport differ among airports? Journal of Air Transport Management, 37, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2013.11.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allroggen, F., Malina, R., & Lenz, A.-K. (2013). Which factors impact on the presence of incentives for route and traffic development? Econometric evidence from European airports. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 60, 49–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2013.09.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allroggen, F., Wittman, M. D., & Malina, R. (2015). How air transport connects the world–A new metric of air connectivity and its evolution between 1990 and 2012. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 80, 184–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2015.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, D. W., & Stock, J. H. (2005). Identification and inference for econometric models: Essays in honor of Thomas Rothenberg. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2008). Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist’s companion. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Anselin, L., & Lozano-Gracia, N. (2008). Errors in variables and spatial effects in hedonic house price models of ambient air quality. Empirical Economics, 34(1), 5–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-007-0152-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbia, G. (1989). Spatial data configuration in statistical analysis of regional economics and related problems. Kluwer.
   Google Scholar
• Baltagi, B. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Blonigen, B. A., & Cristea, A. D. (2015). Air service and urban growth: Evidence from a quasi-natural policy experiment. Journal of Urban Economics, 86, 128–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2015.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boschma, R. (2005). Proximity and innovation: A critical assessment. Regional Studies, 39(1), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340052000320887
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brueckner, J. K. (2003). Airline traffic and urban economic development. Urban Studies, 40(8), 1455–1469. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000094388
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Button, K., & Yuan, J. (2013). Airfreight transport and economic development: An examination of causality. Urban Studies, 50(2), 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098012446999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campante, F., & Yanagizawa-Drott, D. (2018). Long-range growth: Economic development in the global network of air links. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 133(3), 1395–1458. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjx050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi, G. (2012). The impacts of transport accessibility on population change across rural, suburban and urban areas: A case study of Wisconsin at sub-county levels. Urban Studies, 49(12), 2711–2731. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098011431284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cidell, J. (2015). The role of major infrastructure in subregional economic development: An empirical study of airports and cities. Journal of Economic Geography, 15(6), 1125–1144. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbu029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combes, P.-P., & Gobillon, L. (2015). The empirics of agglomeration economies. In Duranton, G., Henderson, J. V., & Strange, W. C. (Eds.), Handbook of regional and urban economics (pp. 247–348). Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Combes, P.-P., & Overman, H. G. (2004). The spatial distribution of economic activities in the European Union. In Henderson, J. V. and Thisse, J.-F. (Eds.), Handbook of regional and urban economics (pp. 2845–2909). Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Dall’erba, S., & Le Gallo, J. (2008). Regional convergence and the impact of European structural funds over 1989–1999: A spatial econometric analysis. Papers in Regional Science, 87(2), 219–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2008.00184.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dekle, R., & Eaton, J. (1999). Agglomeration and land rents: Evidence from the prefectures. Journal of Urban Economics, 46(2), 200–214. https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.1998.2118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duranton, G., & Overman, H. G. (2005). Testing for localization using micro-geographic data. The Review of Economic Studies, 72(4), 1077–1106. https://doi.org/10.1111/0034-6527.00362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elhorst, J. P. (2010). Applied spatial econometrics: Raising the bar. Spatial Economic Analysis, 5(1), 9–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/17421770903541772
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elhorst, J. P. (2014). Spatial econometrics: From cross-sectional data to spatial panels. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2013). Guidelines on regional state aid for 2014–2020. Official Journal, C209, 23 July, 1–45.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2019a). State aid: France to recover €8.5 million of illegal aid to Ryanair at Montpellier airport. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_19_4991
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2019b). Road transport performance in Europe. https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/working-papers/2019/road-transport-performance-in-europe
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2020). State aid: Commission opens in-depth investigation procedure into measures in favour of Béziers Airport in France and Ryanair. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_366
   Google Scholar
• Eurostat. (2008). NACE Rev. 2 – Statistical classification of economic activities.
   Google Scholar
• Eurostat. (2021). National accounts employment data by industry (up to NACE A*64). http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nama_10_a64_e
   Google Scholar
• Eurostat. (2022). Airport connections to other modes of transport. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/AVIA_IF_ARP_CO/default/table?lang=en
   Google Scholar
• Eurostat GISCO. (2019). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/gisco/geodata
   Google Scholar
• Fageda, X. (2017). International air travel and FDI flows: Evidence from Barcelona. Journal of Regional Science, 57(5), 858–883. https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fageda, X., & Gonzalez-Aregall, M. (2017). Do all transport modes impact on industrial employment? Empirical evidence from the Spanish regions. Transport Policy, 55, 70–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2016.12.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fageda, X., & Olivieri, C. (2019). Transport infrastructure and regional convergence: A spatial panel data approach. Papers in Regional Science, 98(4), 1609–1631. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12433
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fingleton, B., & Le Gallo, J. (2008). Estimating spatial models with endogenous variables, a spatial lag and spatially dependent disturbances: Finite sample properties. Papers in Regional Science, 87(3), 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2008.00187.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita, M., Krugman, P. R., & Venables, A. J. (1999). The spatial economy: Cities, regions and international trade. Wiley Online Library.
   Google Scholar
• Glaeser, E. L., & Kohlhase, J. E. (2004). Cities, regions and the decline of transport costs. Papers in Regional Science, 83(1), 197–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10110-003-0183-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Val, R. (2019). The spatial distribution of US cities. cities, 91, 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.11.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, R. K. (2007). Airports and economic development. Real Estate Economics, 35(1), 91–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6229.2007.00183.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, G. H. (2005). Market potential, increasing returns and geographic concentration. Journal of International Economics, 67(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2004.09.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Head, K., & Mayer, T. (2004). The empirics of agglomeration and trade. In Henderson, J. V., & Thisse, J.-F. (Eds.), Handbook of regional and urban economics (pp. 2609–2669). Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Hodgson, C. (2018). The effect of transport infrastructure on the location of economic activity: Railroads and post offices in the American West. Journal of Urban Economics, 104, 59–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2018.01.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, T. J., & Stevens, J. J. (2004). Spatial distribution of economic activities in North America. In Henderson, J. V., & Thisse, J.-F. (Eds.), Handbook of regional and urban economics (pp. 2797–2843). Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Jaffe, A. B., Trajtenberg, M., & Henderson, R. (1993). Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), 577–598. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelejian, H. H., & Prucha, I. R. (1998). A generalized spatial two-stage least squares procedure for estimating a spatial autoregressive model with autoregressive disturbances. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 17(1), 99–121. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007707430416
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelejian, H. H., & Prucha, I. R. (1999). A generalized moments estimator for the autoregressive parameter in a spatial model. International Economic Review, 40(2), 509–533. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2354.00027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelejian, H. H., Prucha, I. R., & Yuzefovich, Y. (2004). Instrumental variable estimation of a spatial autoregressive model with autoregressive disturbances: Large and small sample results. Advances in Econometrics: Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Econometrics, 18, 163–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-9053(04)18005-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoben, J., & Oerlemans, L. A. (2006). Proximity and inter-organizational collaboration: A literature review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 8(2), 71–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2006.00121.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krugman, P. (1991). Increasing returns and economic geography. Journal of Political Economy, 99(3), 483–499. https://doi.org/10.1086/261763
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakew, P. A., & Bilotkach, V. (2018). Airport delays and metropolitan employment. Journal of Regional Science, 58(2), 424–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/jors.12369
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakshmanan, T. R. (2011). The broader economic consequences of transport infrastructure investments. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenaerts, B., Allroggen, F., & Malina, R. (2021). The economic impact of aviation: A review on the role of market access. Journal of Air Transport Management, 91, 102000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.102000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenaerts, B., Malina, R., & Allroggen, F. (2020). Measuring the quality of air transport networks. In Graham, A., Adler, N., Niemeier, H.-M., Betancor, O., Antunes, A. P., Bilotkach, V., Calderón, E. J., & Martini, G. (Eds.), Air transport and regional development policies (pp. 6–30). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• LeSage, J. P. (2014). What regional scientists need to know about spatial econometrics.
   Google Scholar
• LeSage, J. P., & Pace, R. K. (2009). Introduction to spatial econometrics (statistics, textbooks and monographs). CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• LeSage, J. P., & Pace, R. K. (2011). Pitfalls in higher order model extensions of basic spatial regression methodology. Review of Regional Studies, 41(1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.52324/001c.8141
   Google Scholar
• Lieshout, R. (2012). Measuring the size of an airport’s catchment area. Journal of Transport Geography, 25, 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malina, R., Albers, S., & Kroll, N. (2012). Airport incentive programmes: A European perspective. Transport Reviews, 32(4), 435–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2012.684223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manski, C. F. (1993). Identification of endogenous social effects: The reflection problem. The Review of Economic Studies, 60(3), 531–542. https://doi.org/10.2307/2298123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mion, G. (2004). Spatial externalities and empirical analysis: The case of Italy. Journal of Urban Economics, 56(1), 97–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2004.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Núñez-Sánchez, R. (2015). Regional public support to airlines and airports: An unsolved puzzle. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 76, 93–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2015.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). (2019). https://landscan.ornl.gov
   Google Scholar
• Pace, R. K., & Barry, R. (1997). Sparse spatial autoregressions. Statistics & Probability Letters, 33(3), 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7152(96)00140-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patacchini, E., & Zenou, Y. (2007). Spatial dependence in local unemployment rates. Journal of Economic Geography, 7(2), 169–191. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbm001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Percoco, M. (2010). Airport activity and local development: Evidence from Italy. Urban Studies, 47(11), 2427–2443. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009357966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poelman, H. (2013). Measuring accessibility to passenger flights in Europe: Towards harmonised indicators at the regional level. Regional Focus, Brussels, Directorate-General for Regional and Urban Policy of the European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Redding, S. J., & Rossi-Hansberg, E. A. (2017). Quantitative spatial economics. Annual Review of Economics, 9(1), 21–58. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-063016-103713
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redding, S. J., & Sturm, D. M. (2008). The costs of remoteness: Evidence from German division and reunification. American Economic Review, 98(5), 1766–1797. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.5.1766
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redding, S. J., & Turner, M. A. (2015). Transportation costs and the spatial organization of economic activity. In Duranton, G., Henderson, J. V., & Strange, W. C. (Eds.), Handbook of regional and urban economics (pp. 1339–1398). Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Redfearn, C. L. (2009). Persistence in urban form: The long-run durability of employment centers in metropolitan areas. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 39(2), 224–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2008.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, S. S., & Strange, W. C. (2003). Geography, industrial organization, and agglomeration. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(2), 377–393. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465303765299882
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, S. S., & Strange, W. C. (2004). Evidence on the nature and sources of agglomeration economies. In Henderson, J. V., & Thisse, J.-F. (Eds.), Handbook of regional and urban economics (pp. 2119–2171). Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Sanderson, E., & Windmeijer, F. (2016). A weak instrument F-test in linear IV models with multiple endogenous variables. Journal of Econometrics, 190(2), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2015.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serafini, R., & Ward, M. (2011). Chapter 10 exploring the determinants of employment in Europe: The role of services. In Tatsiramos, K., & Polachek, S. W. (Eds.), Research in labor economics (pp. 341–384). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Sheard, N. (2019). Airport size and urban growth. Economica, 86(342), 300–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12262
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar