Decentralizing the Chilean miracle: regional intergenerational mobility in a developing country

REFERENCES

• Acciari, P., Polo, A., & Violante, G. L. (2022). And yet it moves: Intergenerational mobility in Italy. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 14(3), 118–163. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20210151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alesina, A., Hohmann, S., Michalopoulos, S., & Papaioannou, E. (2021). Intergenerational mobility in Africa. Econometrica, 89(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA17018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonzo, D. (2022). Marrying your job: Matching and mobility with geographic heterogeneity (Working Paper). https://davidealonzo.github.io/papers/Alonzo_JMP.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, D., Green, C., & Mangan, J. (2004). Spatial inequality in the Australian youth labour market: The role of neighbourhood composition. Regional Studies, 38(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400310001632280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angrist, J. D., & Krueger, A. B. (1992). The effect of age at school entry on educational attainment: An application of instrumental variables with moments from two samples. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 87(418), 328–336. https://doi.org/10.2307/2290263
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asher, S., Novosad, P., & Rafkin, C. (2021). Intergenerational mobility in India: New methods and estimates across time, space, and communities (Working Paper). GLM|LIC. http://barrett.dyson.cornell.edu/NEUDC/paper_560.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bautista, M. A., González, F., Martínez, L. R., Muñoz, P., & Prem, M. (2022). Dictatorship, higher education and social mobility (Working Paper). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3597798
   Google Scholar
• Becker, G. S., Kominers, S. D., Murphy, K. M., & Spenkuch, J. L. (2018). A theory of intergenerational mobility. Journal of Political Economy, 126(S1), S7–S25. https://doi.org/10.1086/698759
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, G. S., & Tomes, N. (1979). An equilibrium theory of the distribution of income and intergenerational mobility. Journal of Political Economy, 87(6), 1153–1189. https://doi.org/10.1086/260831
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, G. S., & Tomes, N. (1986). Human capital and the rise and fall of families. Journal of Labor Economics, 4(3, Part 2), S1–S39. https://doi.org/10.1086/298118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björklund, A., & Jäntti, M. (1997). Intergenerational income mobility in Sweden compared to the United States. The American Economic Review, 87(5), 1009–1018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloise, F., Brunori, P., & Piraino, P. (2021). Estimating intergenerational income mobility on sub-optimal data: A machine learning approach. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 19(4), 643–665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-021-09495-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolt, J., & van Zanden, J. L. (2020). Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy. A new 2020 update. Maddison Project Database, version 2020 (Maddison Project Working Paper No. WP-15). https://docslib.org/doc/11169900/maddison-style-estimates-of-the-evolution-of-the-world-economy
   Google Scholar
• Boserup, S. H., Kopczuk, W., & Kreiner, C. T. (2013). Intergenerational wealth mobility: Evidence from Danish wealth records of three generations (Mimeo). University of Copenhagen.
   Google Scholar
• Bucarey, A. (2018). Who pays for free college? Crowding out on campus (Working Paper). https://www.dropbox.com/s/auhl7at2ozypcat/JMP_current.pdf?dl=0
   Google Scholar
• Celhay, P., Sanhueza, C., & Zubizarreta, J. R. (2010). Intergenerational mobility of income and schooling: Chile 1996–2006. Revista de Análisis Económico–Economic Analysis Review, 25(2), 43–63. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-88702010000200003
   Google Scholar
• Central Bank of Chile (BCCh). (2020). Regional GDP statistics. https://www.bcentral.cl/web/banco-central/areas/estadisticas/pib-regional
   Google Scholar
• Chen, W.-H., Ostrovsky, Y., & Piraino, P. (2017). Lifecycle variation, errors-in-variables bias and nonlinearities in intergenerational income transmission: New evidence from Canada. Labour Economics, 44, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2016.09.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chetty, R., Friedman, J. N., Saez, E., Turner, N., & Yagan, D. (2017a). Mobility report cards: The role of colleges in intergenerational mobility (Working Paper No. 23618). National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). https://doi.org/10.3386/w23618
   Google Scholar
• Chetty, R., Grusky, D., Hell, M., Hendren, N., Manduca, R., & Narang, J. (2017b). The fading American dream: Trends in absolute income mobility since 1940. Science, 356(6336), 398–406. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aal4617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chetty, R., & Hendren, N. (2018). The impacts of neighborhoods on intergenerational mobility I: Childhood exposure effects. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 133(3), 1107–1162. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjy007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chetty, R., Hendren, N., & Katz, L. F. (2016). The effects of exposure to better neighborhoods on children: New evidence from the moving to opportunity experiment. American Economic Review, 106(4), 855–902. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chetty, R., Hendren, N., Kline, P., & Saez, E. (2014). Where is the land of opportunity? The geography of intergenerational mobility in the United States. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129(4), 1553–1623. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chetty, R., Hendren, N., Kline, P., Saez, E., & Turner, N. (2014). Is the United States still a land of opportunity? Recent trends in intergenerational mobility. American Economic Review, 104(5), 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.5.141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conlisk, J. (1974). Can equalization of opportunity reduce social mobility? The American Economic Review, 64(1), 80–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly, M., Corak, M., & Haeck, C. (2019). Intergenerational mobility between and within Canada and the United States. Journal of Labor Economics, 37(S2), S595–S641. https://doi.org/10.1086/703465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corak, M. (2020a). Intergenerational mobility: What do we care about? What should We care about? Australian Economic Review, 53(2), 230–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12372
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corak, M. (2020b). The Canadian geography of intergenerational income mobility. The Economic Journal, 130(631), 2134–2174. https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uez019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corak, M., & Heisz, A. (1999). The intergenerational earnings and income mobility of Canadian men: Evidence from longitudinal income tax data. Journal of Human Resources, 504–533. https://doi.org/10.2307/146378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortés, J., Díaz, J., Gutiérrez, P., Troncoso, P., & Villarroel, I. (2022). Nonlinearities in intergenerational mobility: Evidence from a developing country (Working Paper). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4247304
   Google Scholar
• Deutscher, N., & Mazumder, B. (2020). Intergenerational mobility across Australia and the stability of regional estimates. Labour Economics, 66, 101861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2020.101861
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutscher, N., & Mazumder, B. (2022). Measuring intergenerational income mobility: A synthesis of approaches. Journal of Economic Literature, Forthcoming, https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.20211413
   Google Scholar
• Diario Oficial de la República de Chile. (2001). Ley 19741. https://www.diariooficial.interior.gob.cl/#close
   Google Scholar
• DIPRES. (2019). Informe Ejecución Cuarto Trimestre [Pesos]. http://www.dipres.cl/598/articles-198773_doc_pdf_reporte.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Díaz, J. D., Cubillos, P. G., & Griñen, P. T. (2021). The exponential Pareto model with hidden income processes: Evidence from Chile. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 561, 125196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2020.125196
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, C. E. (2007). The intergenerational transmission of lifetime earnings: Evidence from Brazil. The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 7(2), 1–42. https://doi.org/10.2202/1935-1682.1782
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durlauf, S. N. (2006). Groups, social influences, and inequality. In S. Bowles, S. N. Durlauf & K. Hoff (Eds.), Poverty traps (pp. 141–175). Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400841295.141.
   Google Scholar
• Durlauf, S. N., & Seshadri, A. (2017). Understanding the Great Gatsby Curve. In NBER macroeconomics annual 2017, volume 32 (pp. 333–393). University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.1086/696058.
   Google Scholar
• Durlauf, S. N., & Shaorshadze, I. (2015). Intergenerational mobility. In R. A. Scott, M. Buchmann & S. Kosslyn (Eds.), Emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences: An interdisciplinary, searchable, and linkable resource (pp. 505–537). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0191.
   Google Scholar
• Eika, L., Mogstad, M., & Zafar, B. (2019). Educational assortative mating and household income inequality. Journal of Political Economy, 127(6), 2795–2835. https://doi.org/10.1086/702018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engzell, P., & Mood, C. (2021). How robust are estimates of intergenerational income mobility? SocArXix Paper, https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/gd2t6
   Google Scholar
• Eriksen, J., & Munk, M. D. (2020). The geography of intergenerational mobility – Danish evidence. Economics Letters, 189, 109024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairfield, T., & Jorratt, M. (2016). Top income shares, business profits, and effective tax rates in contemporary Chile. Review of Income and Wealth, 62(S1), S120–S144. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12196
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira, S. G., & Veloso, F. A. (2006). Intergenerational mobility of wages in Brazil. Brazilian Review of Econometrics, 26(2), 181–211. https://doi.org/10.12660/bre.v26n22006.1576
   Google Scholar
• Flores, I., Sanhueza, C., Atria, J., & Mayer, R. (2020). Top incomes in Chile: A historical perspective on income inequality, 1964–2017. Review of Income and Wealth, 66(4), 850–874. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, M. (1982). Free markets and the generals. Newsweek.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, M. (2000). Up for debate: Reform without liberty: Chile’s ambiguous legacy. https://www-tc.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/pdf/ufd_reformliberty_full.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gelissen, J. (2004). Assortative mating after divorce: A test of two competing hypotheses using marginal models. Social Science Research, 33(3), 361–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2003.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez Cubillos, P. (2020). Essays on economic inequality, income taxes, and intergenerational mobility. PhD thesis, University of British Columbia. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/76994
   Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez Cubillos, P. (2022). Gini and undercoverage at the upper tail: A simple approximation. International Tax and Public Finance, 29(2), 443–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-021-09671-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez, P., López, R. E., & Figueroa, E. (2015). Top income measurement and undistributed profits. Economics Letters, 134, 138–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2015.07.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Güell, M., Pellizzari, M., Pica, G., & Rodríguez Mora, J. V. (2018). Correlating social mobility and economic outcomes. The Economic Journal, 128(612), F353–F403. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12599
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Güell, M., Rodríguez Mora, J. V., & Telmer, C. I. (2015). The informational content of surnames, the evolution of intergenerational mobility, and assortative mating. The Review of Economic Studies, 82(2), 693–735. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdu041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidrich, S. (2017). Intergenerational mobility in Sweden: A regional perspective. Journal of Population Economics, 30(4), 1241–1280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-017-0648-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hortas-Rico, M., & Rios, V. (2019). The drivers of local income inequality: A spatial Bayesian model-averaging approach. Regional Studies, 53(8), 1207–1220. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1566698
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2022). World Economic Outlook database, April 2022. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April
   Google Scholar
• Jerrim, J., Choi, Á, & Simancas, R. (2016). Two-sample two-stage least squares (TSTSLS) estimates of earnings mobility: How consistent are they? Survey Research Methods, 10, 85–101. https://doi.org/10.18148/srm/2016.v10i2.6277
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiménez, M. (2011). Un análisis empírico de las no linealidades en la movilidad intergeneracional del ingreso. El caso de la Argentina (Working Paper). Centro de Estudios Distributivos, Laborales y Sociales. http://hdl.handle.net/10915/3680
   Google Scholar
• Klevmarken, A. (1982). Missing variables and two-stage least-squares estimation from more than one data set (IUI Working Paper). http://hdl.handle.net/10915/3680
   Google Scholar
• Lopez, E., & Aroca, P. (2012). Estimación de la inflación regional de los precios de la vivienda en Chile. El Trimestre Económico, 79(315), 601–630. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S2448-718X2012000300601. https://doi.org/10.20430/ete.v79i315.71
   Google Scholar
• Mazumder, B. (2005). Fortunate sons: New estimates of intergenerational mobility in the United States using social security earnings data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 87(2), 235–255. https://doi.org/10.1162/0034653053970249
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazumder, B. (2016). Estimating the intergenerational elasticity and rank association in the United States: Overcoming the current limitations of tax data. In Inequality: Causes and consequences. Emerald. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0147-912120160000043012
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Social Development. (2017). Encuesta de caracterización socioeconómica nacional (casen 2017). síntesis de resultados. Ministerio de Desarrollo Social.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Social Development. (2020). Encuesta de caracterización socioeconómica nacional (casen 2020). síntesis de resultados. Ministerio de Desarrollo Social.
   Google Scholar
• Muñoz, E. (2020). Intergenerational educational mobility within Chile. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3837299 or http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3837299
   Google Scholar
• Muñoz, E. (2021). The geography of intergenerational mobility in Latin America and the Caribbean. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/37414.
   Google Scholar
• Narayan, A., Van der Weide, R., Cojocaru, A., Lakner, C., Redaelli, S., Mahler, D. G., Ramasubbaiah, R. G. N., & Thewissen, S. (2018). Fair progress?: Economic mobility across generations around the world. World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/28428
   Google Scholar
• Núñez, J. I., & Miranda, L. (2010). Intergenerational income mobility in a less-developed, high-inequality context: The case of Chile. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 10(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.2202/1935-1682.2339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Núñez, J. I., & Risco, C. (2004). Intergenerational income mobility in a developing country: The case of Chile (Documento de Trabajo 210). https://econ.uchile.cl/uploads/publicacion/1e400f38-ebad-4a8f-9271-13929535eb48.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Núñez, J., & Miranda, L. (2011). Intergenerational income and educational mobility in urban Chile. Estudios de Economía, 38(1), 195–221. https://estudiosdeeconomia.uchile.cl/index.php/EDE/article/view/39466; https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-52862011000100008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nybom, M., & Stuhler, J. (2013). Interpreting trends in intergenerational income mobility (Discussion Paper No. 7514). IZA. https://www.iza.org/publications/dp/7514/interpreting-trends-in-intergenerational-income-mobility
   Google Scholar
• Nybom, M., & Stuhler, J. (2017). Biases in standard measures of intergenerational income dependence. Journal of Human Resources, 52(3), 800–825. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.52.3.0715-7290R
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2017). OECD multi-level governance studies. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264279049-en
   Google Scholar
• Otero, G., Contreras, D., Díaz, J. D., & Suárez, N. (2019). Inequality in social capital in Chile: Assessing the importance of network size and contacts’ occupational prestige on status attainment. Social Networks, 58, 59–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2019.02.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyarzo, M., & Paredes, D. (2021). The impact of mining taxes on public education: Evidence for mining municipalities in Chile. Resources Policy, 70, 101207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.05.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paredes, D. (2013). The role of human capital, market potential and natural amenities in understanding spatial wage disparities in Chile. Spatial Economic Analysis, 8(2), 154–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2013.774094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paredes, D., & Iturra, V. (2011). Substitution bias and the construction of a spatial cost of living index. Papers in Regional Science, 92, 103–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2011.00408.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paredes, D., Iturra, V., & Lufin, M. (2016). A spatial decomposition of income inequality in Chile. Regional Studies, 50(5), 771–789. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.933798
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paredes, D. J. C. (2011). A methodology to compute regional housing price index using matching estimator methods. The Annals of Regional Science, 46(1), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-009-0346-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paredes, D., & Rivera, N. M. (2017). Mineral taxes and the local public goods provision in mining communities. Resources Policy, 53, 328–339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapelli, C. (2013). Movilidad intrageneracional del ingreso en Chile. Estudios Públicos, 131, 1–35. https://www.estudiospublicos.cl/index.php/cep/issue/view/131; http://dx.doi.org/10.38178/cep.vi131.274
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, C. R., & Mare, R. D. (2005). Trends in educational assortative marriage from 1940 to 2003. Demography, 42(4), 621–646. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2005.0036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solon, G. (1989). Biases in the estimation of intergenerational earnings correlations. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 172–174. https://doi.org/10.2307/1928066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solon, G. (1992). Intergenerational income mobility in the United States. The American Economic Review, 393–408. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2117312
   Google Scholar
• Solon, G. (1999). Intergenerational mobility in the labor market. In O. C. Ashenfelter & D. Card (Eds.), Handbook of labor economics (Vol. 3, pp. 1761–1800). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4463(99)03010-2
   Google Scholar
• Solon, G. (2004). A model of intergenerational mobility variation over time and place. Generational Income Mobility in North America and Europe, 2, 38–47. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511492549.003
   Google Scholar
• Torche, F. (2005). Unequal but fluid: Social mobility in Chile in comparative perspective. American Sociological Review, 70(3), 422–450. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240507000304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villarroel, G. (2021). Essays on intergenerational mobility and measures of teacher's quality in Chile. PhD thesis, Universidad de Chile. https://www.bibliotecadigital.uchile.clpermalink/56UDC_INST/llitqr/alma99100782586903936
   Google Scholar
• Western, B., Bloome, D., & Percheski, C. (2008). Inequality among American families with children, 1975 to 2005. American Sociological Review, 73(6), 903–920. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240807300602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2022). Gini index. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, S. D. (2019). Elite colleges and upward mobility to top jobs and top incomes. American Economic Review, 109(1), 1–47. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20171019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar