426
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

FROM PRESENCE TO ACTION: POLITICAL REPRESENTATION AND DEMOCRACY IN IRAQI KURDISTAN

Pages 267-279 | Published online: 30 Aug 2012

REFERENCES

  • AHMED , HEVIDAR . 2011 . Lawmaker urges referendum on Kurdistan constitution . AKNews , 25 January
  • ANDERSON , LIAM and STANSFIELD , GARETH . 2004 . The Future of Iraq: Democracy, Dictatorship or Division , Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan .
  • AZIZ , ARDALAM . 2009 . Controversy over Kurdish constitution . Niqash , 6 July
  • COOK , HELEN . 1995 . The Safe Haven in Northern Iraq: International Responsibility for Iraqi Kurdistan , Brighton : Institute for Development Studies .
  • GHANIM , DAVID . 2011 . Iraq's Dysfunctional Democracy , Santa Barbara , CA : Praeger .
  • GUNTER , MICHAEL . 1993 . A de facto Kurdish State in northern Iraq . Third World Quarterly , 14 ( 2 ) : 295 – 319 .
  • GUNTER , MICHAEL . 1996 . The KDP-PUK conflict in northern Iraq . The Middle East Journal , 50 ( 2 ) : 224 – 41 .
  • HAZAN , REUVEN . 1996 . Presidential parliamentarism: direct popular election of the prime minister, Israel's new electoral and political system . Electoral Studies , 15 ( 1 ) : 21 – 37 .
  • HAZAN , REUVEN and GIDEON , RAHAT . 2000 . Representation, electoral reform and democracy: theoretical and empirical lessons from the 1996 elections in Israel . Comparative Political Studies , 33 ( 10 ) : 1310 – 36 .
  • HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH . 1993 . Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign against the Kurds , New York : Human Rights Watch .
  • KLINGEMANN , HANS-DIETER and WESSELS , BERNHARD . 2003 . “ Political consequences of Germany's mixed-member system ” . In Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: Best of Both Worlds? , Edited by: Shugart , M. and Wattenberg , M. 279 – 96 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • LEEZENBERG , MICHIEL . 2000 . Humanitarian aid in Iraqi Kurdistan . CEMOTI , No. 29
  • LEEZENBERG , MICHIEL . 2005 . Iraqi Kurdistan: contours of a post civil war society . Third World Quarterly , 26 ( 4–5 ) : 631 – 47 .
  • LEEZENBERG , MICHIEL . 2006 . “ Urbanization, privatization, and patronage: the political economy of Iraqi Kurdistan ” . In The Kurds: Nationalism and Politics , Edited by: Jabar , F. and Dawod , H. 151 – 79 . London : Saqi Books .
  • LIJPHART , AREND . 1969 . Consociational democracy . World Politics , 21 ( 2 ) : 207 – 25 .
  • LIJPHART , AREND . 1984 . Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty One Countries , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press .
  • LIJPHART , AREND . 1999 . Patterns of Democracy , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
  • LINZ , JUAN and STEPAN , A. 2008 . Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe , Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press .
  • MADDENS , BART and FIERS , STEFAAN . 2004 . The direct PM election and the institutional presidentialisation of parliamentary systems . Electoral Studies , 23 ( 4 ) : 769 – 93 .
  • MAINWARING , SCOTT . 1992 . “ Transitions to democracy and democratic consolidation: theoretical and comparative issues ” . In Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective , Edited by: Mainwaring , S. , O'Donnell , G. and Valenzuela , J. 294 – 341 . Notre Dame , IN : University of Notre Dame Press .
  • MALANCZUK , PETER . 1991 . The Kurdish crisis and allied intervention in the aftermath of the Second Gulf War . European Journal of International Law , 2 : 114 – 32 .
  • MILL , JOHN STUART . 1991 [1861] . “ Considerations on representative government ” . In On Liberty and Other Essays , Edited by: Gray , J. 202 – 467 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • MUHAMMAD , SARDAR . 2009 . Female MPs in Kurdistan seek women's block . Niqash , 16 September
  • O'LEARY , CAROLE . 2002 . The Kurds of Iraq: recent history, future prospects . Middle East Review of International Affairs , 6 ( 4 ) : 17 – 29 .
  • PHILLIPS , ANNE . 1995 . The Politics of Presence , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • PITKIN , HANNA . 1967 . The Concept of Representation , Berkeley , CA : The University of California Press .
  • POWER , TIMOTHY and GASIOROWSKI , MARK . 1997 . Institutional design and democratic consolidation in the Third World . Comparative Political Studies , 30 ( 2 ) : 123 – 55 .
  • PRZEWORSKI , ADAM , STOKES , SUSAN and MANIN , BERNARD . 1999 . Democracy, Accountability and Representation , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • SALIH , MOHAMMED . 2011 . Warming relationship between Turkey and Iraqi Kurdistan . Rudaw , 2 April
  • SARTORI , GIOVANI . 2000 . “ The party-effects of electoral systems ” . In Parties, Elections and Cleavages: Israel in Comparative and Theoretical Perspective , Edited by: Hazan , R. and Maor , M. 13 – 28 . London : Frank Cass .
  • SHUGART , MATTHEW and WATTENBERG , MARTIN . 2003 . Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds? , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • STANSFIELD , GARETH . 2003 . Iraqi Kurdistan: Political Development and Emergent Democracy , London : Routledge .
  • STANSFIELD , GARETH . 2006a . “ Governing Kurdistan: the strength of divisions ” . In The Future of Kurdistan in Iraq , Edited by: O'Leary , B. , McGarry , J. and Salih , K. 195 – 218 . Philadelphia : The University of Pennsylvania Press .
  • STANSFIELD , GARETH . 2006b . “ Finding a dangerous equilibrium ” . In The Kurds: Nationalism and Politics , Edited by: Jabar , F. and Dawod , H. 258 – 76 . London : Saqi .
  • WEST , JOHNY . 2011 . Iraq's Last Window: Diffusing the Risks of the Petro-State , Washington , DC : Center for Global Development .
  • YOUNG , IRIS . 2000 . Inclusion and Democracy , Oxford : Oxford University Press .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.