Changing Democracy? Why Inertia is Winning Over Innovation

REFERENCES

• Bedock, Camille. 2017. Reforming Democracy: Institutional Engineering in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bedock, Camille, Peter Mair and Alex Wilson. 2012. Institutional change in advanced European democracies: an exploratory assessment. EUI Working Papers RSCAS 2012–11.
   Google Scholar
• Bengtsson, Åsa. 2012. Citizens’ perceptions of political processes: a critical evaluation of preference consistency and survey items. Revista Internacional de Sociología 70 (2): 45–64. doi: 10.3989/ris.2012.01.29
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoit, Kenneth. 2004. Models of electoral system change. Electoral Studies 23 (3): 363–89. doi: 10.1016/S0261-3794(03)00020-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boix, Carles. 1999. Setting the rules of the game: the choice of electoral systems in advanced democracies. The American Political Science Review 93 (3): 609–24. doi: 10.2307/2585577
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bol, Damien. 2016. Electoral reform, values and party self-interest. Party Politics 22 (1): 93–104. doi: 10.1177/1354068813511590
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowler, Shaun, Todd Donovan and Jeffrey A. Karp. 2002. When might institutions change? Elite support for direct democracy in three nations. Political Research Quarterly 55 (4): 731–54. doi: 10.1177/106591290205500401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowler, Shaun, Todd Donovan and Jeffrey A. Karp. 2006. Why politicians like electoral institutions: self-interest, values, or ideology? Journal of Politics 68 (2): 434–46. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00418.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowler, Shaun, Todd Donovan and Jeffrey A. Karp. 2007. Enraged or engaged? Preferences for direct citizen participation in affluent democracies. Political Research Quarterly 60 (3): 351–62. doi: 10.1177/1065912907304108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cain, Bruce E., Russell J. Dalton and Susan E. Scarrow. 2003. New forms of democracy? Reform and transformation of democratic institutions. In Democracy Transformed? Expanding Political Opportunities in Advanced Industrial Democracies, edited by Bruce E. Cain, Russell J. Dalton and Susan E. Scarrow. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Cuesta López, Victor. 2008. Participación directa e iniciativa legislativa del ciudadano en democracia constitucional. Cizur Menor, Navarra: Civitas.
   Google Scholar
• Dahl, Robert A. 2000. A democratic paradox? Political Science Quarterly 115 (1): 35–40. doi: 10.2307/2658032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton, Russell J. 2004. Democratic Challenges, Democratic Choices: The Erosion of Political Support in Advanced Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Della Porta, Donatella. 2013. Can Democracy Be Saved?: Participation, Deliberation and Social Movements. Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Delwit, Pascal. (ed). 2002. Libéralismes et partis libéraux en Europe. Bruxelles: Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles.
   Google Scholar
• Delwit, Pascal. (ed). 2003. Démocraties chrétiennes et conservatismes en Europe: Une nouvelle convergence? Bruxelles: Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles.
   Google Scholar
• Deschouwer, Kris, Sam Depauw and Audrey André. 2014. Representing the people in parliaments. In Representing the People. A Survey among Members of Statewide and Substate Parliaments, edited by Kris Deschouwer and Sam Depauw. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Escalona, Fabien and Mathieu Vieira. 2013. The Radical Left in Europe: thoughts about the emergence of a family. Fondation Jean-Jaurès—Observatoire de la vie politique 2013–02.
   Google Scholar
• Flinders, Matthew. 2010. Explaining majoritarian modification: the politics of electoral reform in the United Kingdom and British Columbia. International Political Science Review 31 (1): 41–58. doi: 10.1177/0192512109354471
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Font, Joan, Magdalena Wojcieszak and Clemente J. Navarro. 2015. Participation, representation and expertise: citizen preferences for political decision-making processes. Political Studies 63 (1): 153–72. doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.12191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández, Enrique and Hanspeter Kriesi. 2016. The electoral consequences of the financial and economic crisis in Europe. European Journal of Political Research 55 (2): 203–24. doi: 10.1111/1475-6765.12122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzog, Olga. 2016. Representatives’ support for direct democracy: intrinsic policy-seeking or just a new instrument of power-seeking? Presented at the ECPR General Conference, Prague, 7–10 September.
   Google Scholar
• Hibbing, John R. and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse. 2002. Stealth Democracy: Americans’ Beliefs about How Government Should Work. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hooghe, Marc and Kris Deschouwer. 2011. Veto players and electoral reform in Belgium. West European Politics 34 (3): 626–43. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2011.555987
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, Richard S. and Peter Mair. 1995. Changing models of party organization and party democracy: the emergence of the cartel party. Party Politics 1 (1): 5–28. doi: 10.1177/1354068895001001001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence, Eric D., Todd Donovan and Shaun Bowler. 2009. Adopting direct democracy: tests of competing explanations of institutional change. American Politics Research 37 (6): 1024–47. doi: 10.1177/1532673X09335487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeDuc, Lawrence. 2003. The Politics of Direct Democracy: Referendums in Global Perspective. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, Cas. 2007. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, Cas. 2014. Fighting the system? Populist radical right parties and party system change. Party Politics 20 (2): 217–26. doi: 10.1177/1354068813519968
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neblo, Michael A., Kevin M. Esterling, Ryan P. Kennedy, David M. J. Lazer and Anand E. Sokhey. 2010. Who wants to deliberate—and why? American Political Science Review 104 (3): 566–83. doi: 10.1017/S0003055410000298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton, Kenneth and Brigitte Geissel. (eds). 2012. Evaluating Democratic Innovations: Curing the Democratic Malaise? Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, Pippa. (ed). 1999. Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, Pippa. 2011. Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Núñez, Lidia and Kristof T. Jacobs. 2016. Catalysts and barriers: explaining electoral reform in western Europe. European Journal of Political Research 55 (3): 454–73. doi: 10.1111/1475-6765.12138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pharr, Susan J., Robert D. Putnam and Russell J. Dalton. 2000. A quarter-century of declining confidence. Journal of Democracy 11 (2): 5–25. doi: 10.1353/jod.2000.0043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilet, Jean-Benoit and Damien Bol. 2011. Party preferences and electoral reform: how time in government affects the likelihood of supporting electoral change. West European Politics 34(3): 568–86. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2011.555984
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qvortrup, Matt. (ed). 2014. Referendums Around the World. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Rahat, Gideon. 2008. The Politics of Regime Structure Reform in Democracies: Israel in Comparative and Theoretical Perspective. Albany: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rahat, Gideon and Reuven Y. Hazan. 2011. The barriers to electoral system reform: a synthesis of alternative approaches. West European Politics 34 (3): 478–94. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2011.555976
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renwick, Alan and Jean-Benoit Pilet. 2009. The multiple role of values in electoral reform: mechanisms and hypotheses. Presented in the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Toronto, 3–6 September.
   Google Scholar
• Reuchamps, Min and Jane Suiter. (eds). 2016. Constitutional Deliberative Democracy in Europe. Colchester, UK: ECPR Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, Matt and Graham Smith. 2011. Towards a comparative analysis of democratic innovations: lessons from a pilot fs-QCA of participatory budgeting. Paper presented at the 6th ECPR General Conference, Reykjavik, 25–27 August.
   Google Scholar
• Scarrow, Susan E. 1999. Parties and the expansion of direct democracy. Party Politics 5 (3): 341–62. doi: 10.1177/1354068899005003005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitter, Philippe C. and Alexander H. Trechsel. 2004. The Future of Democracy in Europe: Trends, Analyses and Reforms. Green Paper for the Council of Europe. Straßburg: Council of Europe Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Gordon. 1975. The referendum and political change. Government and Opposition 10 (3): 294–305. doi: 10.1111/j.1477-7053.1975.tb00642.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, Graham. 2005. Beyond the Ballot: 57 Democratic Innovations from Around the World. London: The Power Inquiry.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Graham. 2009. Democratic Innovations: Designing Institutions for Citizen Participation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thomassen, Jacques. 2015. What’s Gone Wrong with Democracy, or with Theories Explaining Why It Has? In Citizenship and Democracy in an Era of Crisis: Essays in Honour of Jan W. Van Deth, edited by Thomas Poguntke, Sigrid Rossteuscher, Rüdiger Scmitt-Beck and Sonya Zmerli. London: Routledge, pp. 34–50.
   Google Scholar
• Tsebelis, George. 2002. Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van Biezen, Ingrid, Peter Mair and Thomas Poguntke. 2012. Going, going,  … gone? The decline of party membership in contemporary Europe. European Journal of Political Research 51(1): 24–56. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.01995.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, Paul. 2013. Who is willing to participate? Dissatisfied democrats, stealth democrats and populists in the United Kingdom. European Journal of Political Research 52 (6): 747–72. doi: 10.1111/1475-6765.12021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar