Are Anti-Political-Establishment Parties a Peril for European Democracy? A Longitudinal Study from 1950 till 2017

References

• Abedi, A. (2004). Anti-political establishment parties. A comparative analyses. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Akkerman, T. (2018). The impact of populist radical-right parties on immigration policy agendas: A look at the Netherlands. Transatlantic Council of Migration. Retrieved from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/populist-radical-right-parties-immigration-netherlands
   Google Scholar
• Akkerman, T., & Rooduijn, M. (2015). Pariahs or partners? Inclusion and exclusion of radical right parties and the effects on their policy positions. Political Studies, 63(5), 1140–1157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albertazzi, D., & Mueller, S. (2013). Populism and liberal democracy: Populists in government in Austria, Italy, Poland and Switzerland. Government and Opposition, 48(3), 343–371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artidi, B. (2004). Populism as a spectre of democracy: A response to Canovan. Political Studies, 52(1), 135–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basedau, M., & Stroh, A. (2011). How ethnic are African parties really? Evidence from four Francophone countries. International Political Science Review. doi: 10.1177/0192512110391770
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batory, A. (2016). Populists in government? Hungary's “system of national cooperation”. Democratization, 23(2), 283–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, N. (2001). Time-series-cross-section data: What have we learned in the past few years? Annual Review of Political Science, 4, 271–293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, N., & Katz, J. N. (1995). What to do (and not to do) with time-series-cross-section-data. American Political Science Review, 89(3), 271–293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bielasiak, J. (2002). The institutionalization of party systems in post communist states. Comparative Politics, 34(2), 189–202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blais, A., Gidengil, E., & Nevitte, N. (2004). Where does turnout come from? European Journal of Political Research, 43(2), 221–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowler, S., Denemark, D., Doneman, T., & Mcdonnell, D. (2017). Right-wing populist party supporters: Dissatisfied but not direct democrats. European Journal of Political Research, 56(1), 70–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capoccia, G. 2005. Defending democracy: Reactions to extremism in Interwar Europe. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, Elisabeth.. 2005. The extreme right in Western Europe. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho, J. (2013). Impact of extreme right parties on immigration policy. Comparing Britain, France and Italy. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Casal, Bértoa. and 2019. Fernando. 2019. Database on WHO GOVERNS in Europe and beyond, PSGo. Accesible en: whogoverns.eu.
   Google Scholar
• Casal Bértoa, F. (2017). Political parties or party systems? Assessing the “myth” of institutionalisation and democracy. West European Politics, 40(2), 402–429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casal Bértoa, F., & Rama Caamaño, J. (2017). ¿Democracia en crisis? El future de los partidos politicos y de la democracia representative. Revista de las Cortes Generales, 100–102, 249–274.
   Google Scholar
• Casal Bértoa, F., & Weber, T. (2019). Restrained change: Party systems in times of economic crisis. Journal of Politics, 81, 233–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, K. (1995). Poland at the Crossroads: The 1993 general election. Europe- Asia Studies, 47(1), 123–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiaramonte, A., & Emanuele, V. (2015). Party system volatility, regeneration and deinstitutionalization in Western Europe (1945–2015). Party Politics, 23(4), 376–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cianetti, L. (2014). Granting local voting rights to non-citizens in Estonia and Latvia: The conundrum of minority representation in two divided democracies. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, 13(1), 86–112.
   Google Scholar
• Coppedge, M. (2007). Continuity and change in Latin American party systems. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 3(2), 119–149.
   Google Scholar
• Coppedge, M, J Gerring, C. H Knutsen, S. I Lindberg, Skaaning. S-E, J Teorell and D …Ziblatt. 2018. V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset v8”. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemcy18.
   Google Scholar
• Coppedge, M., Gerring, J., Knutsen, C. H., Lindberg, S. I., Skaaning, S.-E., Teorell, J., … Ziblatt, D. (2018). “V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset v8”. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemcy18
   Google Scholar
• Coppedge, M., Lindberg, S., Skaaning, S.-E., & Teorell, J. (2016). Measuring high level democratic principles using the V-Dem data. International Political Science Review, 37(5), 580–593.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordero, G., & Simón, P. (2015). Economic crisis and support for democracy in Europe. West European Politics, 39(2), 305–325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, N. J. (2003). EXTREMES: Stata module to list extreme values of a variable. Statistical Software Components, S430801, Boston College Department of Economics.
   Google Scholar
• Dalio, R., Kryger, S., Rogers, J., & Gardner, D. (2017). Populism: The phenomenon. Bridgewater: Daily Observations. 203 (226–3030).
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J. (2004). Democratic challenges, democratic choices: The erosion of political support in advanced industrial democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J. (2008). The quantity and the quality of party systems : Party system polarization, its measurement, and its consequences. Comparative Political Studies, 41(7), 899–920.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton, R. J., & Wattenberg, M. P. (Eds.). (2000). Parties without Partisans: Political change in industrial democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• de Lange, S. & Akkerman, T. (2012). Populist parties in Belgium: A case of hegemonic liberal democracy? In C. Mudde & C. R. Kaltwasser (Eds.), Populism in Europe and the Americas: Threat or corrective for democracy? (pp. 27–45), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Duverger, M. (1954). Political parties, their organization and activity in the modern state. New York: Willey.
   Google Scholar
• Eatwell, R. (2017). Populism and Fascism. In C. Rovira Kaltwasser, P. A. Taggart, P. O. Espejo, & P. Ostiguy (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of populism (pp. 363–383). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Enyedi, Z. (2016). Populist polarization and party system institutionalization: The role of party politics in De-democratization. Problems of Post-Communism, 63(4), 210–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, R. S., & Mounk, Y. (2016). The democratic disconnect. Journal of Democracy, 27/6, 5–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funke, M., Schularick, M., & Trebesch, C. (2016). Going to extremes: Politics after financial crisis, 1870–2014. European Economic Review, 88(C), 227–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher, M. (1991). Proportionality, disproportionality and electoral systems. Electoral Studies, 10(1), 33–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galston, W. A. (2018). The populist challenge to liberal democracy. Journal of Democracy, 20(2), 5–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley, S., & Sikk, A. (2014). Economy, corruption or floating voters? Explaining the breakthroughs of anti-establishment reform parties in Eastern Europe. Party Politics. doi: 10.1177/1354068814550438
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, K. & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2018). Introduction the ideational approach. In K. A. Hawkins, R. E. Carlin, L. Littvay, & C. Rovira Kaltwasser (Eds.), The ideational approach to populism. Concept, theory and analysis (pp. 1–24). New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hobolt, S. B., & James Tilley, J. (2016). Fleeing the centre: The rise of challenger parties in the aftermath of the euro crisis. West European Politics, 39(5), 971–991.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooghe, M., & Dassonneville, R. (2018). A spiral of distrust: A panel study on the relation between political distrust and protest voting in Belgium. Government and Opposition, 53(1), 104–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz, S., & Browne, E. (2005). Sources of post-communist party system consolidation. Party Politics, 11(6), 689–706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2016). Trump, Brexit and the rise of populism: Economic have-nots and cultural backlash. Harvard Kennedy University: HKS Working Paper, 16–026.
   Google Scholar
• Karvonen, L., & Quenter, S. (2003). Electoral systems, party system fragmentation and government instability. In D. Berg-Schlosser & J. Mitchell (Eds.), Authoritarianism and democracy in Europe (pp. 1919–1939). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kayser, M. A., & Wlezien, C. (2011). Performance pressure: Patterns of partisanship and the economic vote. European Journal of Political Research, 50(3), 365–394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kekic, L. (2007). The economist intelligence unit’s index of democracy. The World in 2007. London: The Economist.
   Google Scholar
• Kitschelt, H., & Mcgann, A. J. (1995). The radical right in Western Europe: A comparative analysis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kriesi, H., & Pappas, T. S. (2015). European populism in the shadow of the great recession. United Kingdom: ECPR.
   Google Scholar
• Laakso, M., & Taagepera, R. (1979). Effective number of parties. A messure with applications to West Europe. Comparative Political Studies, 12(4), 3–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laclau, E. (2005). On populist reason. London: Verso Books.
   Google Scholar
• Lane, J.-E., & Ersson, S. (2007). Party system instability in Europe: Persistent differences in volatility between West and East? Democratization, 14(1), 92–110.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, P. (2000). Political parties in post-communist. Eastern Europe, London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lijhpart, A. (1995). Sistemas electorales y sistemas de partidos. Un estudio de veintisiete democracias, 1945–1990. Madrid: Centro de Estudios Constitucionales.
   Google Scholar
• Linz, J. J. (1978). The breakdown of democratic regimes: Crisis, breakdown, and reequilibration. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Linz, J. J. (1990a). The perils of presidentialism. Journal of Democracy, 1(1), 51–69. Retrieved from https://scholar.harvard.edu/levitsky/files/1.1linz.pdf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipset, S. M. (1959). Some social Requisites of democracy: Economic development and political legitimacy. American Journal of Political Science, 53(1), 69–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipset, S. M., & Rokkan, S. (1967). Party systems and voter alignments: Cross national perspectives. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Loomes, G. (2011). Party strategies in Western Europe: Party competition and electoral outcomes. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mainwaring, S., Gervasoni, C., & España, A. (2017). Extra-and within-system electoral volatility. Party Politics. doi: 10.1177/1354068815625229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainwaring, S., & Scully, T. (1995). Building democratic institutions: Party systems in Latin America. Standford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mair, P. (2013). Ruling the void: The hollowing of Western democracy. New York and London: Verso Books.
   Google Scholar
• Martinelli, A. (2016). Populism on the rise. Democracies under challenge? Milan: Instituto per gli Studi di Politica Internazionale.
   Google Scholar
• Meguid, B. M. (2008). Party competition between unequals: Strategies and electoral fortunes in Western Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mesežnikov, G., Gyarfasova, O., & Butorova, Z. (2013). Alternative politics? The rise of new political parties in Central Europe. Bratislava: IVO.
   Google Scholar
• Morlino, L. and F. Raniolo. 2017. The impact of economic crisis on Southern European democracies, The new protest parties. Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Mounk, Y. (2018). The people vs. democracy. Why our freedom is in danger and how to save it. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C. (2015). The problem with populism. Article published in The Guardian on 15th February 2015. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/feb/17/problem-populism-syriza-podemos-dark-side-europe
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C. A. S., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (Eds.) (2012). Populism in Europe and the Americas: Correction or threat for democracy? Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism. A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C., & RoviraKaltwasser, C. (2018). Studying populism in comparative perspective: Reflectionson the contemporary and future research agenda. Comparative Political Studies, First Online. doi: 10.1177/0010414018789490
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller-Rommel, F. (2016). Introduction: Political parties in changing democracies. In F. Müller-Rommel & F. C. Bértoa (Eds.), Party politics and democracy in Europe: Essays in honour of Peter Mair (pp. 1–16). Abingdon; New York: Routledge. West European politics, pp. 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Muller, J.-W. (2016). What is populism? Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nations in Transit. (2018). Confronting Illiberalism. Retrieved from https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_NationsInTransit_Web_PDF_FINAL_2018_03_16.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Oesch, D. (2008). Explaining workers’ support for right-wing populist parties in Western Europe: Evidence from Austria, Belgium, France, Norway, and Switzerland. International Political Science Review, 29(3), 349–373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panizza, F. (2005). Populism and the mirror of democracy. London – New York: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Pederson, M. N. (1979). The dynamics of European party systems: Changing patterns of electoral volatility. European Journal of Political Research, 7(1), 1–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, G. B. (1982). Contemporary democracies: Participation, stability and violence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Power, T. J., & Gasiorowski, M. J. (1997). Institutional Design and democratic consolidation in the Third World. Comparative Political Studies, 30(2), 123–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Przeworski, A., Stokes, S. C., & Manin, B. (1999). Democracy, accountability and representation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Quaranta, M. (2015). Political protest in Western Europe. Exploring the role of context in political Action. Switzeland: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2014). The Responses of populism to Dahl's democratic Dilemmas. Political Studies, 62(3), 470–487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rummens, S. (2017). Populism as a threat to liberal democracy. In K. C. Rovira, P. A. Taggart, P. O. Espejo, & P. Ostiguy (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of populism (pp. 554–569). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sani, G. & Sartori G. (1983). Polarization, fragmentation and competition in western democracies. In H. Daalder & P. Mair (Eds.), Western European party systems (pp. 307–340). Bavery Hills: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Sartori, G. (1976). Parties and party systems: A framework for analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Saward, M. (2008). Representation and democracy: Revisions and possibilities. Sociology Compass, 2(3), 1000–1013.
   Google Scholar
• Schedler, A. (1996). Anti-political-establishment parties. Party Politics, 2, 291–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher, G., & Rooduijn, M. (2013). Sympathy for the ‘devil’? Voting for populists in the 2006 and 2010 Dutch general elections. Electoral Studies, 32(1), 124–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, M. (2016). Elite polarization and the electoral impact of Left-right placements: Evidence from Latin America, 1995–2009. Latin American Research Review, 51(2), 174–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavits, M. (2005). The development of stable party support: Electoral dynamics in post-communist Europe. American Journal of Political Science, 49(2), 283–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treib, O. 2014. The Voter Says no, but Nobody Listens: Causes and Consequences of the Eurosceptic Vote in the 2014 European Elections. Journal of European Public Policy, 21(10): 1541–1554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzuela, A. (2004). Latin American presidencies interrupted. Journal of Democracy, 15(4), 5–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Biezen, I. (2014). The end of party democracy as we know it? A tribute to Peter Mair. Irish Political Studies, 29(2), 177–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Biezen, I., Mair, P., & Poguntke, T. (2012). Going, going, … gone? The decline of party membership in Contemporary Europe. European Journal of Political Research, 51(1), 24–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal, G. (2018). Challenging business as usual? The rise of new parties in Spain in times of crisis. West European Politics, 41(2), 261–286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xezonakis, G. (2012). Party system polarization and quality of government: On the political correlates of QoG. Working Paper de The Quality of Government Institute, 14.
   Google Scholar
• Zulianello, M. (2019). Anti-system parties. From parliamentary breakthrough to government. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar