Towards a Populist Local Democracy? The Consequences of Populist Radical Right Local Government Leadership in Western Europe

References

• Albertazzi, D., & Mcdonnell, D. (2005). The Lega Nord in the second Berlusconi government: In a league of its own. West European Politics, 28, 952–972.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albertazzi, D., & Mcdonnell, D. (Eds.). (2008). Twenty-first century populism. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
   Google Scholar
• Albertazzi, D., & Mcdonnell, D. (2015). Populists in power. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Almeida, D. (2017). Cultural retaliation: The cultural policies of the ‘new’ Front national. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 1–3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrosini, M. (2013). ‘We are against a multi-ethnic society’: Policies of exclusion at the urban level in Italy. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36, 136–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aslanidis, P. (2015). Is populism an ideology? A refutation and a new perspective: Is populism an ideology? Political Studies, 64, 88–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldini, G., & Legnante, G. (2000). Città al voto: I sindaci e le elezioni comunali. Bologna: Il Mulino.
   Google Scholar
• Barney, D. D., & Laycock, D. (1999). Right-populists and plebiscitary politics in Canada. Party Politics, 5, 317–339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr, R. R. (2009). Populists, outsiders and anti-establishment politics. Party Politics, 15, 29–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernhard, L. (2017). Three faces of populism in current Switzerland: Comparing the populist communication of the Swiss people’s party, the Ticino League, and the Geneva citizens’ Movement. Swiss Political Science Review, 23, 509–525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernhard, L., Kriesi, H., & Weber, E. (2015). The populist discourse of the Swiss people’s party. In H. Kriesi, & T. S. Pappas (Eds.), European populism in the shadow of the great recession (pp. 125–139). Colchester: ECPR Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bobbio, L. (2003). Building social capital through democratic deliberation: The rise of deliberative arenas. Social Epistemology, 17, 343–357.
   Google Scholar
• Bobbio, L. (2005). Italy: After the storm. In B. Denters & L. E. Rose (Eds.), Comparing local governance: Trends and developments (pp. 29–46). Basingstoke: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Bolin, N., Lidén, G., & Nyhlén, J. (2014). Do anti-immigration parties Matter? The case of the Sweden democrats and local refugee policy. Scandinavian Political Studies, 37, 323–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowler, S., Denemark, D., Donovan, T., & Mcdonnell, D. (2016). Right-wing populist party supporters: Dissatisfied but not direct democrats. European Journal of Political Research, 56, 70–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowler, S., Donovan, T., & Karp, J. A. (2002). When might institutions change? Elite support for direct democracy in three nations. Political Research Quarterly, 55, 731–754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bützer, M. (2007). Civic engagement and uncontrolled ballot votes: Evidence from Swiss cities. Local Government Studies, 33, 215–236.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canovan, M. (1999). Trust the people! populism and the two faces of democracy. Political Studies, 47, 2–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canovan, M. (2002). Taking politics to the people: Populism as the ideology of democracy. In Y. Mény, & Y. Surel (Eds.), Democracies and the populist challenge (pp. 25–44). Basingstoke: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Caponio, T., & Graziano, P. (2011). Towards a security-oriented migration policy model? Evidence from the Italian case. In E. Carmel, A. Cerami, & T. Papadopoulos (Eds.), Migration and welfare in the New Europe: Social protection and the challenges of integration (pp. 105–120). Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Caramani, D. (2017). Will vs. Reason: The populist and technocratic forms of political representation and their critique to party government. American Political Science Review, 111, 54–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castanho Silva, B. (2017). Contemporary populism: Actors, causes, and consequences across 28 democracies (Doctoral thesis). Central European University.
   Google Scholar
• Castelli Gattinara, P. (2016). The politics of migration in Italy: Perspectives on local debates and party competition. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Caulfield, J., & Larsen, H. O. (2002). Local government at the millennium. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien.
   Google Scholar
• Chassany, A-S. (2017). The French town that shows how Marine Le Pen could win. Financial Times. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/309292d4-1a28-11e7-a266-12672483791a.
   Google Scholar
• Chrisafis, A. (2015). Talk of the town: French Mayor’s “Laboratory of the Far Right.” The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/29/french-mayor-beziers-accused-oflaboratory-of-the-far-right.
   Google Scholar
• Copus, C. (2003). Local government reform: Introducing a new set of political dynamics. Representation, 39, 119–128.
   Google Scholar
• Council of Europe. (1985). European charter of local self-government. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
   Google Scholar
• Council of Europe. (1993). Local referendums: Report Prepared by the steering committee on local and regional authorities CDLR. For the 10th Conference of European Ministers responsible for local government, The Hague, 15-16 September 1993 / Council of Europe. Steering Committee on Local and Regional Authorities. Council of Europe.
   Google Scholar
• Custodero, A. (2016). Dimissioni Di Massa a Padova, Cade La Giunta Del Leghista Bitonci - Cronaca. Il Mattino di Padova. Retrieved from http://mattinopadova.gelocal.it/padova/cronaca/2016/11/12/news/dimissioni-dimassa-a-padova-cade-la-giunta-del-leghista-bitonci-1.14398279.
   Google Scholar
• DiGaetano, A., & Strom, E. (2003). Comparative urban governance: An integrated approach. Urban Affairs Review, 38(3), 356–395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhard, H. (2013). Austria – municipalities as the “third Tier” of Austrian Federalism. In C. Panara, & M. R. Varney (Eds.), Local government in Europe: The ‘fourth level’ in the EU multi-layered system of governance (pp. 1–25). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Egner, B., Gendźwiłł, A., Swianiewicz, P., & Pleschberger, W. (2018). Mayors and political parties. In H. Heinelt, A. Magnier, M. Cabria, & H. Reynaert (Eds.), Political leaders and changing local democracy (pp. 327–359). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Ennser, L. (2012). The homogeneity of West European party families: The radical right in comparative perspective. Party Politics, 18, 151–171.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallend, F. (2011). Austria: From consensus to Competition and participation? In F. Hendriks, A. Lidström, & J. Loughlin (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of local and regional democracy in Europe (pp. 173–196). Oxford: University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, L. (2009). Immigration as local politics: Re-bordering immigration and multiculturalism through deterrence and incapacitation. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 33, 26–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haus, M., & Sweeting, D. (2006). Mayors, citizens and local democracy. In Henry Bäck, Hubert Heinelt, & Annick Magnier (Eds.), The European mayor: Political leaders in the changing context of local democracy, urban and regional research international (pp. 151–176). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Heinelt, H., & Hlepas, N-K. (2006). Typologies of local government systems. In The European Mayor, VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-531-90005-6_2.
   Google Scholar
• Hendriks, F. (2010). Vital democracy: A theory of democracy in action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hendriks, F., Loughlin, J., & Lidström, A. (2010). European subnational democracy: Comparative reflections and conclusions. In F. Hendriks, A. Lidström, & J. Loughlin (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of local and regional democracy in Europe (pp. 715–743). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Herzog, P. (2017). Integrationsreferent Kroiß will Kopftücher vom Magistrat verbannen. Bezirks Rundschau. Retrieved from https://www.meinbezirk.at/wels-welsland/politik/integrationsreferent-kroiss-will-kopftuecher-vom-magistrat-verbannend1996863.html.
   Google Scholar
• Hug, S. (2004). Occurrence and policy consequences of referendums: A theoretical model and empirical evidence. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 16, 321–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hug, S., & Tsebelis, G. (2002). Veto players and referendums around the world. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 14, 465–515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulst, R., & Montfort, A. V. (Eds.). (2007). Inter-municipal cooperation in Europe. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Ignazi, P. 1992. The silent counter-revolution. European Journal of Political Research 22 (1): 3–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inglehart, R. (1977). The silent revolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Inglehart, R. (1990). Culture shift in advanced industrial society. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ivarsflaten, E. (2008). What unites right-wing populists in Western Europe?: Re-examining grievance mobilization models in seven successful cases. Comparative Political Studies, 41, 3–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John, P. (2001). Local governance in Western Europe. London: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Kaltwasser, C. R. (2014). The responses of populism to Dahl’s democratic dilemmas. Political Studies, 62, 470–487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapeller, L. (2016). FPÖ: Die blaue Musterstadt. Die Zeit. Retrieved from https://www.zeit.de/2016/38/fpoe-wels-buergermeister-andreas-rabl.
   Google Scholar
• Kersting, N., & Vetter, A. (Eds.). (2003). Reforming local government in Europe. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Kriesi, H., & Trechsel, A. H. (2008). The politics of Switzerland: Continuity and change in a consensus democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laclau, E. (1977). Politics and ideology in Marxist theory: Capitalism, fascism, populism. London: New Left Books.
   Google Scholar
• Le Galès, P. (2002). European cities: Social conflicts and governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lijphart, A. (2012). Patterns of democracy: Government forms and performance in thirty-six countries (2nd ed). New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Loughlin, J., Hendriks, F., & Lidström, A. (Eds.). (2011). The Oxford handbook of local and regional democracy in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Luthardt, W. (1994). Direkte Demokratie: Ein Vergleich in Westeuropa. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
   Google Scholar
• Magnier, A. (2003). Subsidiarity: Fall or premise of “local government reforms”. The Italian case. In N. Kersting, & A. Vetter (Eds.), Reforming local government in Europe (pp. 183–197). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Magnier, A. (2004). Between institutional learning and re-legitimization: Italian mayors in the unending reform. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 28, 166–182.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnier, A. (2005). European local government reforms and cultures of political representation. In H. Reynaert, K. Steyvers, P. Delwit, & J.-B. Pilet (Eds.), Revolution or renovation? Reforming local politics in Europe (pp. 289–313). Brugge: Vanden Broele.
   Google Scholar
• Mair, P. (2002). Populist democracy vs party democracy. In Y. Meny, & Y. Sorel (Eds.), Democracies and the populist challenge (pp. 81–98). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Mair, P. (2011). Bini Smaghi vs. The Parties: Representative government and institutional constraints, EUI Working Paper, RSCAS 2011/22.
   Google Scholar
• Manucci, L., & Amsler, M. (2018). Where the wind blows: Five star movement’s populism, direct democracy and ideological flexibility. Italian Political Science Review / Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, 48, 109–132.
   Google Scholar
• Mcdonnell, D., & Mazzoleni, O. (2014). Directly elected mayors and their parties: The cases of Genoa and Lausanne. Government and Opposition, 49, 92–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meny, Y., & Surel, Y. (2000). Par Le Peuple, Pour Le Peuple. Le Populisme Et Les démocraties. Paris: Fayard.
   Google Scholar
• Meny, Y., & Surel, Y. (2002). The constitutive ambiguity of populism. In Y. Meny, & Y. Sorel (Eds.), Democracies and the populist challenge (pp. 1–21). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Minkenberg, M. (2001). The radical right in public office: Agenda-setting and policy effects. West European Politics, 24, 1–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffitt, Benjamin. (2015). How to perform crisis: A model for understanding the key role of crisis in contemporary populism. Government and Opposition, 50(2), 189–217. doi:10.1017/gov.2014.13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffitt, B., & Tormey, S. (2014). Rethinking populism: Politics, mediatisation and political style: Rethinking populism. Political Studies, 62, 381–397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouritzen, P. E., & Svara, J. H. (2002). Leadership at the apex: Politicians and administrators in western local governments. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C. (2004). The populist zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39, 541–563.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, C. (2007). Populist radical right parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C., & Kaltwasser, C. R. (2013). Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary populism: Comparing contemporary Europe and Latin America. Government and Opposition, 48, 147–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak, G. (2016). Für uns ist das Ergebnis ein klares Votum. Tips. Retrieved from https://www.tips.at/news/wels/wirtschaft-politik/374142-fuer-uns-ist-das-ergebnisein-klares-votum.
   Google Scholar
• Nowak, G. (2017). Keine heiße Luft, aber viele kleine Dinge bei der Sauna-Sprechstunde. Tips Online. Retrieved from https://www.tips.at/news/wels/landleute/384516-keine-heisse-luft-aber-viele-kleine-dinge-bei-der-sauna-sprechstunde.
   Google Scholar
• Osborne, D., & Gaebler, T. (1992). Reinventing government: How the entrepreneurial spirit is transforming the public Sector. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Pachner, J. (2013). Welser Politstreit Nach Schlechten Noten in Bezirks-Vergleich. Kurier. Retrieved from https://kurier.at/chronik/oberoesterreich/politstreit-in-wels-nachschlechten-noten-in-bezirks-vergleich/23.333.910.
   Google Scholar
• Padova, O. (2016). Bitonci: “Referendum per far scegliere a Ponte San Nicolò di fondersi con Padova.” Retrieved from http://www.padovaoggi.it/politica/fusione-comuni-padovaponte-san-nicolo-bitonci-referendum.html.
   Google Scholar
• Pappas, T. S. (2016). Distinguishing liberal democracy’s challengers. Journal of Democracy, 27, 22–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappas, T. S. (2018). How to tell nativists from populists. Journal of Democracy, 29, 148–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauwels, T. (2014). Populism in Western Europe: Comparing Belgium, Germany and The Netherlands. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Paxton, F. (2019). The populist performance of Urban crisis: The policy influence of radical right populist parties in leadership of local government in Austria and Italy. In Benjamin Biard, Laurent Bernhard, & Hans-Georg Betz (Eds.), Do they make a difference? The policy influence of radical right populist parties in Western Europe (pp. 123–144). Colchester: ECPR Press.
   Google Scholar
• Penninx, R., Kraal, K., Martiniello, M., & Vertovec, S. (2004). Citizenship in European cities. Immigrants, local politics and integration policies. Aldershot: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Pitkin, H. F. 1967. The concept of representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, A., & Tillie, J. (2001). Multicultural policies and Modes of citizenship in European cities. Aldershot: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Rohrhofer, M. (2015). Welser Bürgermeister Will Sozialleistungen Für Nicht-EU Bürger Streichen. Der Standard. Retrieved from https://derstandard.at/2000024000669/Welser-Buergermeister-will-Sozialleistungenfuer-Nicht-EU-Buerger-streichen.
   Google Scholar
• Rydgren, J. (2017). Radical right-wing parties in Europe: What’s populism got to do with it? Journal of Language and Politics, 16, 485–496.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saward, M. (2006). The representative Claim. Contemporary Political Theory, 5, 297–318.
   Google Scholar
• Scarrow, S. E. (2001). Direct democracy and institutional change: A comparative investigation. Comparative Political Studies, 34, 651–665.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarrow, S. E. (2003). Making elections more direct? Reducing the role of parties in elections. In B. E. Cain, R. J. Dalton, & S. E. Scarrow (Eds.), Democracy tansformed? Expanding political opportunities in advanced Industrial democracies (pp. 44–58). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schiess, M. (2010). SP verzichtet: Raphael Lanz ist Thuns neuer Stadtpräsident. Der Bund. Retrieved from https://www.derbund.ch/bern/stadt/SP-verzichtet-Raphael-Lanz-ist-Thuns-neuer-Stadtpraesident–/story/10683025.
   Google Scholar
• Schiller, T. (2011). Local direct democracy in Europe. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Schiller, T. (2017). Local referendums: A comparative assessment of forms and practice. In L. Morel & M. Qvortrup (Eds.), The Routledge handbook to referendums and direct democracy (pp. 60–80). Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, M. G. (1996). When parties matter: A review of the possibilities and limits of partisan influence on public policy. European Journal of Political Research, 30, 155–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shills, E. (1956). The torment of secrecy: The background and consequences of American security policy. London: Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Skenderovic, D. (2009). The radical right in Switzerland: Continuity and change, 1945–2000. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, J. (2016). David Cameron’s EU renegotiation and referendum pledge: A case of déjà Vu? British Politics, 11, 324–346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, B. (2008). The thin ideology of populism. Journal of Political Ideologies, 13, 95–110.
   Google Scholar
• Stavrakakis, Y., Katsambekis, G., Nikisianis, N., Kioupkiolis, A., & Siomos, T. (2017). Extreme right-wing populism in Europe: Revisiting a reified association. Critical Discourse Studies, 14, 420–439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swianiewicz, P. (2010). If territorial fragmentation is a problem, is amalgamation a solution? An East European perspective. Local Government Studies, 36, 183–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taggart, P. (2004). Populism and representative politics in contemporary Europe. Journal of Political Ideologies, 9, 269–288.
   Google Scholar
• Trechsel, A. H., & Kriesi, H. (1996). Switzerland: The referendum and initiative as a centrepiece of the political system. In P. V. Uleri, & M. Gallagher (Eds.), The referendum experience in Europe (pp. 185–208). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Urbinati, N. (2014). Democracy disfigured. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van Ostaijen, M., & Scholten, P. (2014). Policy populism? Political populism and Migrant integration policies in Rotterdam and Amsterdam. Comparative European Politics, 12, 680–699.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vatter, A. (2003). Consensus and direct democracy: Conceptual and empirical linkages. European Journal of Political Research, 38, 171–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vatter, A. (2009). Lijphart expanded: Three Dimensions of democracy in advanced OECD countries? European Political Science Review, 1, 125–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vatter, A., & Bernauer, J. (2009). The missing dimension of democracy: Institutional patterns in 25 EU member states between 1997 and 2006. European Union Politics, 10, 335–359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesperini, G. (2009). Regional and local government in Italy: An overview.
   Google Scholar
• Vetter, A., Heinelt, H., & Rose, L. E. (2018). Mayors’ notions of local democracy. In H. Heinelt, A. Magnier, M. Cabria, & H. Reynaert (Eds.), Political leaders and changing local democracy (pp. 173–209). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Webb, P. (2013). Who is willing to participate? Dissatisfied democrats, stealth democrats and populists in the United Kingdom. European Journal of Political Research, 52(6), 747–772.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelan, F. G. (1983). Prologue: Democratic theory and the boundary problem. Nomos, 25, 13–47.
   Google Scholar
• Wilks-Heeg, S. (2010). A slow and painful death? Political parties and local democracy in two Northern Towns. Local Government Studies, 36, 381–399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wochenblick. (2017). Wird Welser Bürgermeister jetzt für direkte Demokratie bestraft? Retrieved from https://www.wochenblick.at/wird-welser-buergermeister-jetzt-fuerdirekte-demokratie-bestraft/.
   Google Scholar
• Zaslove, A. (2012). The populist radical right in government: The structure and agency of success and failure. Comparative European Politics, 10, 421–448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar