Are Segmental Parties Bad for Women? Rethinking the Challenges of Representation in Consociational Power-Sharing

References

• Agarin, T., & Jarrett, H. (2022). Cross-segmental parties in consociational systems: Downplaying prowess to access power in Northern Ireland. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 24(4), 723–740. https://doi.org/10.1177/13691481211048503
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarin, T., & McCulloch, A. (2020). How power-sharing includes and excludes non-dominant communities: Introduction to the special issue. International Political Science Review, 41(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512119873075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alliance Party. (2017). How to change Northern Ireland for good: Manifesto – assembly election 2017. https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/apni/apni_2017-02-21_nia-man.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bloomer, F., & Campbell, E. (Eds.). (2022). Decriminalizing abortion in Northern Ireland. Bloomsbury. https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/decriminalizing-abortion-in-northern-ireland-9781350278929/.
   Google Scholar
• Bochsler, D., & Juon, A. (2021). Power-sharing and the quality of democracy. European Political Science Review, 13(4), 411–430. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773921000151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogaards, M. (2014). Democracy and social peace in divided societies. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, S., & McCulloch, A. (2017). Gendering power-sharing. In A. McCulloch & J. McGarry (Eds.), Power-sharing: Empirical and normative challenges (pp. 250–267). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Byrne, S., & Mcculloch, A. (2018). Is power-sharing bad for women? Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 24(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2017.1422635
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coakley, J. (2009). The political consequences of the electoral system in Northern Ireland. Irish Political Studies, 24(3), 253–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/07907180903075702
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deiana, M.-A. (2016). To settle for a gendered peace? Spaces for feminist grassroots mobilization in Northern Ireland and Bosnia-Herzegovina. Citizenship Studies, 20(1), 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2015.1054790
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deiana, M.-A. (2018). Gender and citizenship: Promises of peace in post-Dayton Bosnia-Herzegovina. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59378-8
   Google Scholar
• Deschouwer, K. (1994). The decline of consociationalism and the reluctant modernization of Belgian mass parties. In R. S. Katz & P. Mair (Eds.), How parties organize: Change and adaptation in party organizations in western democracies (pp. 80–108). Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, P. (1997). Consociationalism and the Northern Ireland peace process: The glass half full or half empty? Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 3(3), 20–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537119708428509
   Google Scholar
• DUP. (2017). Our plan for Northern Ireland – Democratic Unionist Party manifesto.
   Google Scholar
• Equality Commission for Northern Ireland. (2020). Labour Force Survey – Women in Northern Ireland 2020. https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/Women%20in%20NI%202020_0.pdf (Accessed: 15 August 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Galligan, Y. (2013). Gender and politics in Northern Ireland: The representation gap revisited. Irish Political Studies, 28(3), 413–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/07907184.2013.826193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmartin, N. (2019). Gendering the ‘post-conflict’ narrative in Northern Ireland’s peace process. Capital & Class, 43(1), 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309816818818089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haughey, S. (2020). Back to Stormont: The new decade, new approach agreement and what it means for Northern Ireland. The Political Quarterly, 91(1), 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haute, E., & Wauters, B. (2019). Do characteristics of consociational democracies still apply to Belgian parties? Politics of the Low Countries, 1(1), 6–26. https://doi.org/10.5553/PLC/258999292019001001002
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, B. C., & McAllister, I. (2013). Gender and consociational power-sharing in Northern Ireland. International Political Science Review, 34(2), 123–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512112452170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, B. C., & Mcevoy, J. (2018). Female party attachment in a power-sharing polity: The erosion of protestant support in Northern Ireland. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 24(1), 66–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2017.1422640
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayward, K., & Rosher, B. (2021). Political attitudes in Northern Ireland in a period of transition. Northern Ireland Life and Times. https://www.ark.ac.uk/ARK/sites/default/files/2021-06/update142.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hinds, B., & Donnelly, D. (2014). Women, peace and security: Women’s rights and gender equality: Strategic guide and toolkit. Community Foundation NI.
   Google Scholar
• Hulsey, S., & Keil, S. (2019). ). Ideology and Party System Change in Consociational Systems: The Case of Non-Nationalist Parties in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 25(4), 400–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2019.1678308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarrett, H. (2016). The single transferable vote and the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland. Representation, 52(4), 311–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2017.1301987
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy, R., Pierson, C., & Thomson, J. (2016). Challenging identity hierarchies: Gender and consociational power-sharing. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 18(3), 618–633. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148116647334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilmurray, A., & McWilliams, M. (2011). Struggling for peace: How women in Northern Ireland challenged the status quo. Solutions Journal, 2(2), 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Lijphart, A. (1968). The politics of accommodation: Pluralism and democracy in the Netherlands. University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lucid Talk. (2023). LT ‘Spring’ 2023 NI ‘Tracker’ poll (Poll Period: 21st – 24th April 2023). https://www.lucidtalk.co.uk/single-post/ni-tracker-poll-spring-2023
   Google Scholar
• Luther, K. R. (1999). A framework for the comparative analysis of political parties and party systems in consociational democracy. In K. R. Luther & K. Deschouwer (Eds.), Party elites in divided societies: Political parties in consociational democracy (pp. 3–19). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Luther, K. R., & Deschouwer, K. (1999). Party elites in divided societies: Political parties in consociational democracy. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mansbridge, J. (2005). Quota problems: Combating the dangers of essentialism. Politics & Gender, 1(4), 622–638. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X05220196
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, N. (2016). The selection of party leaders in Northern Ireland. Parliamentary Affairs, 69(4), 901–927. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsv058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, N., & Whiting, S. (2022). ‘To the surprise of absolutely no one’: Gendered political leadership change in Northern Ireland. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 24(2), 224–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/13691481211018308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrudden, C., & O’Leary, B. (2013). Courts and consociations: Human rights versus power-sharing. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McCulloch, A. (2017). Contemporary challenges to power-sharing theory and practice. In A. McCulloch & J. McGarry (Eds.), Power-sharing: Empirical and normative challenges (pp. 1–16). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• McCulloch, A., & Vandeginste, S. (2019). Veto power and power-sharing: Insights from Burundi (2000–2018). Democratization, 26(7), 1176–1193. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1611781
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCulloch, A., & Zdeb, A. (2022). Veto rights and vital interests: Formal and informal veto rules for minority representation in deeply divided societies. Representation, 58(3), 427–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2020.1778065
   Google Scholar
• McEvoy, J. (2017). Power sharing and the pursuit of good governance: Evidence from Northern Ireland. In A. McCulloch & J. McGarry (Eds.), Power sharing: Empirical and normative challenges (pp. 211–228). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• McGarry, J. (2017). What explains the performance of power-sharing settlements? In A. McCulloch & J. McGarry (Eds.), Power-sharing: Empirical and normative challenges (pp. 268–292). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• McGarry, J., & O’Leary, B. (2006). Consociational theory, Northern Ireland’s conflict, and its agreement. Part 2: What critics of consociation can learn from Northern Ireland. Government and Opposition, 41(2), 249–277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2006.00178.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikhael, D. (2021). New ‘others’ in post-conflict consociations: A continuum of exclusion? Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 27(1), 79–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2021.1876345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, P., Evans, G., & O’Leary, B. (2009). Extremist outbidding in ethnic party systems is not inevitable: Tribune parties in Northern Ireland. Political Studies, 57(2), 397–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2008.00769.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murtagh, C., & McCulloch, A. (2021). Beyond the core: Do ethnic parties ‘reach out’ in power-sharing systems? The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 23(3), 533–551. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148120973139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagle, J. (2020). Consociationalism is dead! Long live zombie power-sharing! Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, 20(2), 137–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/sena.12329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagle, J., & Fakhoury, T. (2018). Between co-option and radical opposition: A comparative analysis of power-sharing on gender equality and LGBTQ rights in Northern Ireland and Lebanon. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 24(1), 82–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2017.1422641
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Flynn, I. (2010). Deliberative democracy, the public interest and the consociational model. Political Studies, 58(3), 572–589. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2009.00795.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okin, S. M. (1999). Is multiculturalism bad for women? Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Rourke, C., & Swaine, A. (2017). Gender, violence and reparations in Northern Ireland: A story yet to be told. The International Journal of Human Rights, 21(9), 1302–1319. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2017.1360029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piacentini, A. (2021). Making an identity choice: ‘Opportunistic alignment’ in and beyond consociational systems. Evidence from South Tyrol and Bosnia Herzegovina. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 27(4), 439–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2021.1966987
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierson, C., & Thomson, J. (2018). Allies or opponents? Power-sharing, civil society, and gender. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 24(1), 100–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2017.1422642
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, M. (2019). Inclusion in post-conflict legislatures: The Kosovo and Northern Ireland assemblies. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, A. (2014). ‘Petitions of Concern’, Knowledge Exchange Seminar Series, Northern Ireland Assembly. http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/knowledge_exchange/briefing_papers/series3/schwartz200314.pdf
   Google Scholar
• SDLP. (2017). Make change happen – Social Democratic and Labour Party manifesto 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Sheldon, S., O’Neill, J., Parker, C., & Davis, G. (2020). ‘Too much, too indigestible, too fast’? The decades of struggle for abortion law reform in Northern Ireland. The Modern Law Review, 83(4), 761–796. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinn Féin. (2017). Standing up for equality, respect and integrity – Sinn Féin manifesto.
   Google Scholar
• Sookrajowa, S. S., Narsoo, J., & Murday, L. (2022). The impact of consociationalism on female political representation: The case study of Mauritius. Representation. . https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2022.2146165 .
   Google Scholar
• Stojanović, N. (2018). Political marginalization of ‘others’ in consociational regimes. Zeitschrift Für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft, 12(2), 341–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-017-0375-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stojanović, N. (2020). Democracy, ethnoi-cracy, and consociational demoi-cracy. International Political Science Review, 41(1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512119881730
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suk, J. C. (2010). Are gender stereotypes bad for women? Rethinking antidiscrimination law and work-family conflict. Columbia Law Review, 110(1), 1–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, R. (2009). Introduction: The promise of consociational theory. In R. Taylor (Ed.), Consociational theory: McGarry and O’Leary and the Northern Ireland conflict (pp. 1–12). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Thomson, J. (2016). Abortion and same-sex marriage: How are non-sectarian controversial issues discussed in Northern Irish politics? Irish Political Studies, 31(4), 483–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/07907184.2015.1103226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilley, J., Evans, G., & Mitchell, C. (2008). Consociationalism and the evolution of political cleavages in Northern Ireland, 1989–2004. British Journal of Political Science, 38(4), 699–717. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123408000343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonge, J. (2020). Beyond unionism versus nationalism: The rise of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland. The Political Quarterly, 91(2), 461–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12857
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonge, J., Braniff, M., Hennessey, T., McAuley, J. W., & Whiting, S. A. (2020). Same but different? The Democratic Unionist Party and Ulster Unionist Party compared. Irish Political Studies, 35(3), 399–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/07907184.2020.1816378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UUP. (2017). A manifesto for real partnership: A plan for a better Northern Ireland – Ulster Unionist Party manifesto.
   Google Scholar
• Wilford, R. (2010). Northern Ireland: The politics of constraint. Parliamentary Affairs, 63(1), 134–155. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsp046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Women’s Aid Federation Northern Ireland. (2020). Unlock The Lockdown - Press Release. https://www.womensaidni.org/unlock-the-lockdown-press-release/.
   Google Scholar
• Zdeb, A. (2016). The need to have something ‘of their own’: Croat parallel institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Swiss Political Science Review, 22(4), 545–564. https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar