Women, labour market outcomes and religion: evidence from the British labour market

References

• Amin, S. (2004). Ethnic differences and married women’s employment in Malaysia: Do government policies matter? The Journal of Socio-Economics, 33(3), 291–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2003.12.023
   Google Scholar
• Bauder, H. (2003). ‘Brain abuse’, or the devaluation of immigrant labour in Canada. Antipode, 35(4), 699–717. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-8330.2003.00346.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, G. S. (1957). The economics of discrimination. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, G. S. (1965). A theory of the allocation of time. The Economic Journal, 75(299), 493–517. https://doi.org/10.2307/2228949
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, G. S. (1994). Human capital revisited human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education (3rd ed., pp. 15–28). The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bisin, A., Patacchini, E., Verdier, T., & Zenou, Y. (2011). Ethnic identity and labour market outcomes of immigrants in Europe. Economic Policy, 26(65), 57–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0327.2010.00258.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, A. L., Leigh, A., & Varganova, E. (2012). Does ethnic discrimination vary across minority groups? Evidence from a field experiment. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 74(4), 547–573. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2011.00664.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brah, A. (1993). ‘Race’ and ‘culture’ in the gendering of labour markets: South Asian Young Muslim women and the labour market. New Community, 19(3), 441–458. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.1993.9976376
   Google Scholar
• Brah, A., & Phoenix, A. (2004). Ain’t IA woman? Revisiting intersectionality. Journal of International Women's Studies, 5(3), 75–86.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, K. (2006). Realising Muslim women's rights: The role of Islamic identity among British Muslim women. Women's Studies International Forum, 29(4), 417–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2006.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, A. C., & Trivedi, P. K. (2005). Microeconometrics: Methods and applications. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chamlou, N., Muzi, S., & Ahmed, H. (2011). Understanding the determinants of female labor force participation in the Middle East and North Africa region: The role of education and social norms in Amman (Working Papers 31).
   Google Scholar
• Cheung, S. Y. (2014). Ethno-religious minorities and labour market integration: generational advancement or decline? Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37(1), 140–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2013.808757
   Google Scholar
• Chiswick, B. R. (1978). The effect of Americanization on the earnings of foreign-born men. The Journal of Political Economy, 86(5), 897–921. https://doi.org/10.1086/260717
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiswick, B. R. (1999). Are immigrants favorably self-selected? American Economic Review, 89(2), 181–185. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.2.181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989, Article 8. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8
   Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
   Google Scholar
• Dale, A., Shaheen, N., Kalra, V., & Fieldhouse, E. (2002). Routes into education and employment for young Pakistani and Bangladeshi women in the UK. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 25(6), 942–968. https://doi.org/10.1080/0141987022000009386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Stasio, V., Lancee, B., Veit, S., & Yemane, R. (2019). Muslim by default or religious discrimination? Results from a cross-national field experiment on hiring discrimination. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1622826
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickens, W. T., & Lang, K. (1985). A test of dual labor market theory. The American Economic Review, 75(4), 792–805. Retrieve March 13, 2020 from https://www.jstor.org/stable/1821356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilmaghani, M., & Dean, J. (2016). Religiosity and female labour market attainment in Canada: The Protestant exception. International Journal of Social Economics, 43(3), 244–262. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-07-2014-0134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, J. E. (2013). The uses of racism: Whitewashing new Europeans in the UK. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(11), 1871–1889. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2012.692802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, J. E., Moroşanu, L., & Szilassy, E. (2012). The racialization of the new European migration to the UK. Sociology, 46(4), 680–695. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038511425558
   Google Scholar
• Franks, M. (2000). Crossing the borders of whiteness? White Muslim women who wear the hijab in Britain today. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23(5), 917–929. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870050110977
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geddes, A. (2014). The EU, UKIP and the Politics of immigration in Britain. The Political Quarterly, 85(3), 289–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (2009). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Simon and Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, I. (1995). Migration in a segmented labour market. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 20(2), 139–155. https://doi.org/10.2307/622428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschalk, P., & Greenberg, G. (2008). Islamophobia: Making Muslims the enemy. Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Grand, C. L., & Szulkin, R. (2002). Permanent disadvantage or gradual integration: Explaining the immigrant–native earnings gap in Sweden. Labour (committee. on Canadian Labour History), 16(1), 37–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00186
   Google Scholar
• Heath, A. F., & Cheung, S. Y. (Eds.). (2007). Unequal chances: Ethnic minorities in western labour markets. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heath, A. F., Rothon, C., & Kilpi, E. (2008). The second generation in Western Europe: Education, unemployment, and occupational attainment. Annual Review of Sociology, 34(1), 211–235. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134728
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath, A., & Li, Y. (2008). Period, life-cycle and generational effects on ethnic minority success in the British labour market. Kölner Zeitschrift fur Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 48, 277–306.
   Google Scholar
• Heath, A., & Martin, J. (2013). Can religious affiliation explain ‘ethnic’ inequalities in the labour market? Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(6), 1005–1027. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2012.657660
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, S. D. (2009). The changing impact of marriage and children on women's labor force participation. Monthly Labor Review, 132, 3–14. https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2009/02/Feb-TOC-09.pdf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooks, B. (1981). Ain't I a woman: Black women and feminism (Vol. 3). South End Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hotchkiss, L., Black, M., Campbell, R., and Garcia Jr., G. (1979). Theories of occupational choice: A critical assessment of selected viewpoints. National Center for Research on Vocational Education. Ohio State University. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED197111.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Khattab, N. (2012). ‘Winners’ and ‘losers’: The impact of education, ethnicity and gender on Muslims in the British labour market. Work, Employment and Society, 26(4), 556–573. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017012448225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khattab, N. (2016). The ethno-religious wage gap within the British salariat class: How severe is the penalty? Sociology, 50(4), 813–824. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038515575865
   Google Scholar
• Khattab, N., & Hussein, S. (2018). Can religious affiliation explain the disadvantage of Muslim women in the British labour market? Work, Employment and Society, 32(6), 1011–1028. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017017711099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khattab, N., & Johnston, R. (2013). Ethnic and religious penalties in a changing British labour market from 2002 to 2010: The case of unemployment. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 45(6), 1358–1371. https://doi.org/10.1068/a45454
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khattab, N., Johnston, R., & Manley, D. (2018). Human capital, family structure and religiosity shaping British Muslim women’s labour market participation. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(9), 1541–1559. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1334541
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khattab, N., Miaari, S., & Mohamed-Ali, M. (2019). Visible minorities in the Canadian Labour Market: Disentangling the effect of religion and ethnicity. Ethnicities. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796819847750
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khattab, N., & Modood, T. (2015). Both ethnic and religious: Explaining employment penalties across 14 ethno-religious groups in the United Kingdom. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 54(3), 501–522. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingston, G., McGinnity, F., & O’Connell, P. J. (2013). Discrimination in the Irish labour market: Nationality, ethnicity and the recession. Work Employment and Society, 29(2), 213–232. doi: 10.1177/0950017014563104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogan, I. (2004). Last hired, first fired? The unemployment dynamics of male immigrants in Germany. European Sociological Review, 20(5), 445–461. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jch037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koopmans, R. (2016). Does assimilation work? Sociocultural determinants of labour market participation of European Muslims. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 42(2), 197–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2015.1082903
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehrer, E. L. (2004). Religion as a determinant of economic and demographic behavior in the United States. Population and Development Review, 30(4), 707–726. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00038.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, M., & Menahem, G. (2003). Decredentialization and recredentialization: The role of governmental intervention in enhancing occupational status of Russian immigrants in Israel in the 1990s. Work and Occupations, 30(3), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888402239325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y. (2018). Against the odds? Educational attainment and labour market position of the second generation minority ethnic members in the UK. Ethnicities, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796818777546
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, H.-E., Rich, J., & Harris, M. N. (2008). Employment outcomes of graduates: The case of Universiti Utara. Malaysia. Asian Economic Journal, 22(3), 321–341. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8381.2008.00280.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindley, J. (2002). Race or religion? The impact of religion on the employment and earnings of Britain’s ethnic communities. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 28(3), 427–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830220146536
   Google Scholar
• Meer, N., & Modood, T. (2009). Refutations of racism in the ‘Muslim question’. Patterns of Prejudice, 43(3-4), 335–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313220903109250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miaari, S., Khattab, N., & Johnston, R. (2018). Religion and ethnicity at work: A study of British Muslim women’s labour market performance. Quality & Quantity53(1), 19–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-018-0721-x
   Google Scholar
• Mincer, J. (1958). Investment in human capital and personal income distribution. Journal of Political Economy, 66(4), 281–302. https://doi.org/10.1086/258055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mincer, J. (1962). Labor force participation of married women: A study of labor supply. In Universities-National Bureau Committee for Economic Research (Ed.), Aspects of labor economics (pp. 63–105). Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Model, S., & Lin, L. (2002). The cost of not being Christian: Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims in Britain and Canada. I36:1061–1092. International Migration Review, 36(4), 1061–1092. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2002.tb00118.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modood, T. (2005). Multicultural politics: Racism, ethnicity and Muslims in Britain. Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Modood, T., Berthoud, R., Lakey, J., Nazroo, J., Smith, P., Virdee, S., & Beishon, S. (1997). Ethnic minorities in Britain: Diversity and disadvantage. Policy Studies Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Moss, P., & Tilly, C. (1996). “Soft” skills and race: An investigation of black men's employment problems. Work and Occupations, 23(3), 252–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888496023003002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, C. P. (2011). Immigrant over-education: Evidence from Denmark. Journal of Population Economics, 24(2), 499–520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-009-0293-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelps, E. S. (1972). Inflation policy and unemployment theory: The cost-benefit approach to monetary planning. MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Piore, M. J. (1978). Dualism in the labor market: A response to uncertainty and flux. The case of France. Revue Économique, 29(1), 26–48. https://doi.org/10.3406/reco.1978.408371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piore, M. J. (1979). Birds of passage: Migrant labor and industrial societies. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Plunkett, J., & Pessoa, J. P. (2013). A polarising crisis?: The changing shape of the UK and US labour markets from 2008 to 2012. Resolution Foundation London.
   Google Scholar
• Preston, V., & McLafferty, S. (1999). Spatial mismatch research in the 1990s: Progress and potential. Papers in Regional Science, 78(4), 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s101100050033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psacharopoulos, G., & Tzannatos, Z. (1989). Female labor force participation: An international perspective. The World Bank Research Observer, 4(2), 187–201. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/4.2.187
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rana, J. (2007). The story of Islamophobia. Souls, 9(2), 148–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/10999940701382607
   Google Scholar
• Read, J. N. G. (2003). The sources of gender role attitudes among Christian and Muslim Arab-American women. Sociology of Religion, 64(2), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3712371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland, N., McVicar, D., & Shuttleworth, I. (2018). The evolution of catholic-protestant labour market inequality in Northern Ireland, 1983-2014. IZA Discussion Paper no. 11633.
   Google Scholar
• Safi, M. (2010). Immigrants’ life satisfaction in Europe: Between assimilation and discrimination. European Sociological Review, 26(2), 159–176. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcp013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scandone, B. (2018). Re-thinking aspirations through habitus and capital: The experiences of British-born Bangladeshi women in higher education. Ethnicities, 18(4), 518–540. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796818777541
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, B., Menzies, L., Bernardes, E., Baars, S., Nye, P., & Allen, R. (2016). Ethnicity, gender and social mobility. Social Mobility Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Solow, R. M. (1980). On theories of unemployment. The American Economic Review, 70(1), 1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spierings, N. (2016). Women’s employment in Muslim countries: Patterns of diversity. Palgrave-Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Stier, H., & Levanon, V. (2003). Finding an adequate job: Employment and income of recent immigrants to Israel. International Migration, 41(2), 81–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suleiman, Y. (2013). Narratives of Conversion to Islam (0957316607). Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Centre of Islamic Studies – University of Cambridge, Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Sidgwick Avenue.
   Google Scholar
• Tariq, M., & Syed, J. (2017). Intersectionality at work: South Asian Muslim women’s experiences of employment and leadership in the United Kingdom. Sex Roles, 77(7-8), 510–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0741-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verkuyten, M. (2008). Life satisfaction among ethnic minorities: The role of discrimination and group identification. Social Indicators Research, 89(3), 391–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9239-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar