Results of the 2001 census of African penguins Spheniscus demersus in South Africa: first measures of the impact of the Treasure oil spill on the breeding population

REFERENCES

• Adams , N. J. 1994 . Patterns and impacts of oiling on African penguins Spheniscus demersus: 1981–1991 . Biological Conservation , 68 : 35 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barange , M. , Hampton , I. and Roel , B. A. 1999 . Trends in the abundance and distribution of anchovy and sardine on the South African continental shelf in the 1990s, deduced from acoustic surveys . South African Journal of Marine Science , 21 : 367 – 391 .
   Google Scholar
• Beckley , L. E. and van der Lingen , C. D. 1999 . Biology, fishery and management of sardines (Sardinops sagax) in southern African waters . Marine and Freshwater Research , 50 : 955 – 978 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BirdLife International . 2000 . Threatened Birds of the World 846 Cambridge : BirdLife International .
   Google Scholar
• Crawford , R. J.M. 2000 . The Eskom Red Data Book of Birds of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland Edited by: Barnes , K. N. 56 – 57 . Johannesburg : BirdLife South Africa. . African penguin Spheniscus demersus.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford , R. J.M. , David , J. H.M. , Shannon , L. J. , Kemper , J. , Klages , N. T.W. , Roux , J-P. , Underhill , L. G. , Ward , V. C. , Williams , A. J. and Wolfaardt , A. C. 2001 . African penguins as predators and prey—coping (or not) with change . South African Journal of Marine Science , 23 : 435 – 447 .
   Google Scholar
• Crawford , R. J.M. , Davis , S. A. , Harding , R. , Jackson , L. F. , Leshoro , T. M. , Meyer , M. A. , Randall , R. M. , Underhill , L. G. , Upfold , L. , van Dalsen , A. P. , van der Merwe , E. , Whittington , P. A. , Williams , A. J. and Wolfaardt , A. C. 2000 . Initial impact of the Treasure oil spill on seabirds off western South Africa . South African Journal of Marine Science , 22 : 157 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , R. J.M. and Dyer , B. M. 1995 . Responses by four seabirds to a fluctuating availability of Cape anchovy Engraulis capensis off South Africa . Ibis , 137 : 329 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford , R. J.M. , Shannon , L. J. and Whittington , P. A. 1999 . Population dynamics of the African penguin Spheniscus demersus at Robben Island . Marine Ornithology , 27 : 139 – 147 .
   Google Scholar
• Crawford , R. J.M. and Whittington , P. A. 1997 . The Atlas of Southern African Birds Edited by: Harrison , J. A. , Allan , D. G. , Underhill , L. G. , Herremans , M. , Tree , A. J. , Parker , V. and Brown , C. J. Vol. 1 , 4 – 5 . Johannesburg : BirdLife South Africa . Jackass penguin Spheniscus demersus.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford , R. J.M. , Williams , A. J. , Hofmeyr , J. H. , Klages , N. T.W. , Randall , R. M. , Cooper , J. , Dyer , B. M. and Chesselet , Y. 1995 . Trends of African penguin Spheniscus demersus populations in the 20th century . South African Journal of Marine Science , 16 : 101 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Crawford , R. J.M. , Williams , A. J. , Randall , R. M. , Randall , B. M. , Berruti , A. and Ross , G. J.B. 1990 . Recent population trends of Jackass penguins Spheniscus demersus off southern Africa . Biological Conservation , 52 : 229 – 243 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , S. , Croxall , J. P. and Cooper , J. 1998 . Penguin Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Apple Valley, MN 55124, USA, IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group. 129
   Google Scholar
• Hemming , M. 2001 . The impact of the Treasure oil spill on the moult of the African penguin. Unpubl. MSc dissertation, University of Cape Town. 27
   Google Scholar
• Kemper , J. , Roux , J-P. , Bartlett , P. A. , Chesselet , Y. J. , James , J. A.C. , Jones , R. , Wepener , S. and Molloy , F. J. 2001 . Recent population trends of African penguins Spheniscus demersus in Namibia . South African Journal of Marine Science , 23 : 429 – 434 .
   Google Scholar
• Randall , R. M. and Randall , B. M. 1981 . Proceedings of the Symposium on Birds of the Sea & Shore Edited by: Cooper , J. 427 – 450 . Cape Town : African Seabird Group. . The annual cycle of the Jackass penguin Spheniscus demersus at St Croix Island, South Africa
   Google Scholar
• Randall , R. M. , Randall , B. M. , Cooper , J. and Frost , P. G.H. 1986 . A new census method for penguins tested on Jackass penguins . Spheniscus demersus. Ostrich , 57 ( 4 ) : 211 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Shannon , L. J. and Crawford , R. J.M. 1999 . Management of the African penguin Spheniscus demersus—insights from modelling . Marine Ornithology , 27 : 119 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Shelton , P. A. , Crawford , R. J.M. , Cooper , J. and Brooke , R. K. 1984 . Distribution, population size and conservation of the Jackass penguin . Spheniscus demersus. South African Journal of Marine Science , 1 : 217 – 257 .
   Google Scholar
• Underhill , L. G. , Bartlett , P. A. , Baumann , L. , Crawford , R. J.M. , Dyer , B. M. , Gildenhuys , A. , Nel , D. C. , Oatley , T. B. , Thornton , M. , Upfold , L. , Williams , A. J. , Whittington , P. A. and Wolfaardt , A. C. 1999 . Mortality and survival of African penguins Spheniscus demersus involved in the Apollo Sea oil spill: an evaluation of rehabilitation efforts . Ibis , 141 : 29 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underhill , L. G. and Crawford , R. J.M. 1999 . Period of moult of African penguins at Robben Island, South Africa, and its variation, 1988–1998 . South African Journal of Marine Science , 21 : 437 – 441 .
   Google Scholar
• Underhill , L. G. , Whittington , P. A. , Crawford , R. J.M. , Williams , A. J. and Wolfaardt , A. C. 2000 . Five years of monitoring African penguins Spheniscus demersus after the Apollo Sea oil spill: a success story made possible by ringing . Vogelwarte , 40 : 215 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Van der Lingen , C. D. , Coetzee , J. , Prowse , M. , Crawford , R. J.M. and De O'liveira , J. 2001 . South Africa's anchovy population attains highest recorded level . MCM Headline , 2 ( 1 ) 1
   Google Scholar
• Whittington , P. A. Rehabilitation of oiled African penguins: a conservation success story Edited by: Nel , D. C. and Whittington , P. A. Cape Town : BirdLife South Africa and the Avian Demography Unit. . in press. Post-release survival of rehabilitated African penguins
   Google Scholar
• Whittington , P. A. , Crawford , R. J.M. , Huyser , O. , Oschadleus , H. D. , Randall , R. M. , Ryan , P. G. , Shannon , L. J. , Wolfaardt , A. C. , Cooper , J. , Lacy , R. and Ellis , S. , eds. 2000 . African penguin Population and Habitat Viability Assessment. Final Report. Apple Valley, MN 55124. USA 152 IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group .
   Google Scholar