CONTINUING HUMAN EVOLUTION: BODIES, BRAINS AND THE ROLE OF VARIABILITY

REFERENCES

• Beals , K. L. , Smith , C. L. and Dodd , S. M. 1984 . Brain size, cranial morphology, climate and time machines . Curr. Anthrop. , 25 : 301 – 330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bielicki , T. 1969 . Niektore zwiazki zwrotne w procesie ewolucji Hominidae . Materialy i Prace Antropologiczne. , 77 : 3 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Bielicki , T. and Charzewski , J. 1983 . Body height and social mobility . Ann. Hum. Biol. , 10 : 403 – 408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bielicki , T. and Welon , Z. 1964 . Operation of the natural selection on the head form . Homo. , 15 : 22 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Bielicki , T. and Welon , Z. 1982 . Growth data as indicators of social inequalities: the case of Poland . Yearb. Phys. Anthrop. , 25 : 153 – 167 .
   Google Scholar
• Blumenberg , B. 1983 . The evolution of the advanced hominid brain . Curr. Anthrop. , 24 : 589 – 623 .
   Google Scholar
• Blumenberg , B. 1984 . Allometry and evolution of tertiary hominids . J. Hum. Evol. , 13 : 613 – 673 .
   Google Scholar
• Bodmer , W. F. and Cavalli-Sforza , L. L. 1976 . Genetics, Evolution, and Man: San Francisco : Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Bouchard , T. J. Jr. , Lykken , D. T. , McGue , M. , Segal , N. L. and Tellegen , A. 1990 . Sources of human psychological differences: the Minnesota study of twins reared apart . Science. , 250 : 223 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calcagno , J. M. and Gibson , K. R. 1988 . Human dental reduction: natural selection or the probable mutation effect . Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. , 77 : 505 – 517 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cameron , N. , Tobias , P. V. , Fraser , W. J. and Nagdee , M. 1989 . A search for secular trends in calvarial diameters, cranial base, indices and capacity in South African negro crania . Am. J. Hum. Biol. , 2 : 253 – 261 .
   Google Scholar
• Cavalli-Sforza , L. L. and Bodmer , W. F. 1971 . The Generics of Human Populations: Sam Francisco : Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Crow , J. F. 1958 . Some possibilities for measuring selection intensities in man . Hum. Biol. , 30 : 1 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Rocha , F. J. , Salzano , F. M. , Pena , H. F. and Callegari , S. M. 1972 . New studies on the heritability of anthropometric characteristics as ascertained from twins . Acta. Genet. Med. Gemellol. , 21 : 125 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Darwin , C. 1859 . The Origin of Species Reprinted 1952 by Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chicago
   Google Scholar
• Debec , G. F. 1960 . Certain aspects des transformations somatiques de l'Homo sapiens. Communiques de la Delegation Sovietique au V-eme Congress International des Sciences Anthropologiques, Moscow. 25
   Google Scholar
• Falconer , D. S. 1980 . Introduction to Quantitative Genetics Oliver and Boyd : Edinburgh. .
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , R. A. 1930 . The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frayer , D. 1984 . “ Biological and cultural change in the European Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. ” . In The Origins of Modern Humans: A World Survey of the Fossil Evidence: 211 – 250 . New York : Liss: .
   Google Scholar
• Galton , F. 1889 . Natural Inheritance Macmillan and Co. : London. .
   Google Scholar
• Geschwind , N. and Galaburda , A. M. 1984 . Cerebral Dominance. The Biological Foundations Cambridge, Mass : Harvard Univ. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gubbay , J. , Collignon , J. , Koopman , P. , Capel , B. , Economou , A. , Munsterberg , A. , Vivian , N. , Goodfellow , P. and Lovell-Badge , R. 1990 . A gene mapping to the sex-determining region of the mouse Y chromosome is a member of a novel family of embryonically expressed genes . Nature. , 346 : 245 – 250 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henneberg , M. 1976A . Reproductive possibilities and estimations of the biological dynamics of earlier human populations . J. Hum. Evol. , 5 : 41 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henneberg , M. 1976B . The influence of natural selection on brachycephalization in Poland . Studies in Phys. Anthrop. , 2 : 3 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Henneberg , M. 1979 . Breeding isolation between populations: theoretical model of mating distances distribution . Studies in Phys. Anthrop. , 5 : 81 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Henneberg , M. 1980 . Intensywnosc dzialania doboru naturalnego przez roznicowa plodnosc w populacjach ludzkich—ocena ilosciowa . Przeglad Antropologiczny. , 46 : 21 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Henneberg , M. 1983 . Redukcje strukturalne w mikroewolucji Homo sapiens: aparat zucia, gracylizacja, brachycefalizacja . Przeglad Antropologiczny. , 49 : 57 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Henneberg , M. 1985 . Quantitative evaluation of actual intensity of natural selection through differential fertility in human populations . Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. , 66 : 181
   Google Scholar
• Henneberg , M. 1987 . Hominid cranial capacity change through time: a Darwinian process . Hum. Evol. , 2 : 213 – 220 .
   Google Scholar
• Henneberg , M. 1988 . Decrease of human skull size in the Holocene . Hum. Biol. , 60 : 395 – 405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henneberg , M. 1990 . Brain size/body weight variability in Homo sapiens: consequences for interpreting hominid evolution . Homo. , 39 : 121 – 130 .
   Google Scholar
• Henneberg , M. , Budnik , A. , Pezacka , M. and Puch , A. E. 1985 . Head size, body size, and intelligence: intraspecific correlations in Homo sapiens sapiens . Homo. , 36 : 207 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Henneberg , M. and Piontek , J. 1975 . Biological State Index of human groups . Przeglad Antropologiczny. , 41 : 191 – 201 .
   Google Scholar
• Henneberg , M. , Piontek , J. and Strzalko , J. 1978 . Natural selection and morphological variability: the case of Europe from Neolithic to Modern Times . Curr. Anthrop. , 19 : 67 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Henneberg , M. and Van den Berg , E. R. 1990 . A test of socio-economic causation of secular trend: stature changes among favored and oppressed South Africans are parallel . Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. , 83 : 459 – 465 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacquard , A. 1974 . The Genetic Structure of Populations: Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Jedlinska , W. 1985 . Wplyw niektorych czynnikow srodowiska spolecznego na wysokosc ciala dzieci szkolnych w Polsce . Przeglad Antropologiczny. , 51 : 15 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Jerison , H. J. 1973 . Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence: New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kimura , M. and Weiss , G. H. 1964 . The stepping stone model of population structure and the decrease of genetic correlation with distance . Genetics. , 55 : 483 – 492 .
   Google Scholar
• Krogman , W. M. and Iscan , M. Y. 1986 . The Human Skeleton in Forensic Medicine: Springfield : C. C Thomas. .
   Google Scholar
• Kropp , B. N. 1951 . The lateral costal branch of the internal mammal artery . J. Thoracic Surg. , 21 : 421 – 425 .
   Google Scholar
• Loth , E. 1930 . Anthropologie des parties molles. Warsaw
   Google Scholar
• Malecot , G. 1950 . Quelques schemas probabilistes sur la variabilite des populations naturelles . Ann. Univ. Lyon Sci. , A13 : 37 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• McHenry , H. M. 1982 . The pattern of human evolution . Ann. Rev. Anthrop. , 11 : 151 – 173 .
   Google Scholar
• McKee , J. K. 1984 . A genetic model of dental reduction through the probable mutation effect . Am. J. Phys. Anthrop. , 65 : 231 – 241 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McLaren , A. 1990 . What makes a man a man . Nature. , 346 : 216 – 217 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olivier , G. 1973 . “ Hominization and cranial capacity. ” . In Human Evolution. Symposia of the Society for the Study of Human Biology Edited by: Day , M. H. Vol. 11 , 87 – 101 . London : Taylor and Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Olivier , G. 1977 . Hypothese sur la cause des differences biologiques entre categories sociales . L'Anthropologie. , 81 : 579 – 585 .
   Google Scholar
• Pakkenberg , H. and Voigt , J. 1964 . Brain weight of the Danes . Acta Anat. , 56 : 297 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• Passingham , R. E. 1979 . Brain size and intelligence in man . Brain, Behavior and Evolution. , 16 : 252 – 270 .
   Google Scholar
• Pearson , K. 1906–7 . On the relationship of intelligence to size and shape of head and to other physical and mental characters . Biometrika. , 5 : 105 – 146 .
   Google Scholar
• Philippe , P. and Yelle , L. 1978 . Heritability of fecundity and post-partum sterility. An isolate-based study . Hum. Biol. , 50 : 1 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poirer , F. E. 1977 . In Search of Ourselves: An Introduction to Physical Anthropology: Minneapolis : Burgess .
   Google Scholar
• Post , R. H. 1966 . Deformed nasal septa and relaxed selection . Eugenics Quarterly. , 13 : 101 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post , R. H. 1969 . Population differences in tear duct size implications of relaxed selection . Social Biology. , 16 : 257 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrieder , E. 1967 . Possible selective mechanism of social differentiation in biological traits . Hum. Biol. , 39 : 14 – 20 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schrieder , E. 1968 . Quelques correlations somatiques des testes mentaux . Homo. , 19 : 38 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Schumacher , A. and Knussmann , R. 1979 . Are the differences in stature between social classes a modification or an assortment effect? . J. Hum. Evol. , 8 : 809 – 812 .
   Google Scholar
• Schwidetzky , I. 1962 . Das Grazilisierungsproblem . Homo. , 13 : 188 – 195 .
   Google Scholar
• Schwidetzky , I. 1963 . Grazilisation und Degrazilisation . Homo. , 20 : 160 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair , A. H. , Berta , P. , Palmer , M. S. , Hawkins , J. R. , Griffiths , B. L. , Smith , M. J. , Foster , J. W. , Frischauf , A. M. , Lovell-Badge , R. and Goodfellow , P. N. 1990 . A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif . Nature. , 346 : 240 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan , H. 1972 . “ Evolution of primate brains: a comparative anatomical investigation. ” . In Functional and Evolutionary Biology of Primates Edited by: Tuttle , R. H. 155 – 174 . Chicago : Aldine .
   Google Scholar
• Susanne , C. 1971 . Recherche sur la transmission des caracteres measurables de l'homme . Inst. Roy. des Sci. Nat. , Bruxelles
   Google Scholar
• Susanne , C. J. and Sporcq , J. 1973 . Etude de correlations existant entre des testes psychotechniques et des mensurations cephaliques . Bull. Soc. Roy. Belge Anthrop. Prehist. , 84 : 59 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Tobias , P. V. 1971 . The Brain in Hominid Evolution: New York : Columbia Univ. Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Tobias , P. V. 1975A . “ Brain evolution in the Hominidae. ” . In Primate Functional Morphology and Evolution Edited by: Tuttle , R. H. 353 – 392 . Mouton : Hague .
   Google Scholar
• Tobias , P. V. 1975B . Stature and secular trend among Southern African Negroes and San (Bushmen) . SA J. Med. Sci. , 40 : 145 – 164 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Wieringen , J. C. 1986 . “ Secular growth changes. ” . In Human Growth Edited by: Falkner , F. and Tanner , M. Vol. 3 , 307 – 331 . New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wiercinski , A. 1979 . Has the brain size decreased since the upper Paleolithic period? . Bull. Et Mem. de la Soc. d'Anthrop. de Paris. , : 419 – 427 . t. 6, serie XIII
   Google Scholar
• Wright , S. 1943 . Isolation by distance . Genetics. , 28 : 114 – 138 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wright , S. 1955 . Classification of the factors of evolution . Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. , 20 : 16 – 24 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar