THE IMPACT OF THE FUR SEAL INDUSTRY ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF CAPE FUR SEALS ARCTOCEPHALUS PUSILLUS PUSILLUS ON THE EASTERN CAPE COAST OF SOUTH AFRICA

REFERENCES

• Allen , J. A. 1899 . “ Fur seal hunting in the Southern Hemisphere. In ” . In The fur-seals and fur seal islands of the North Pacific Ocean Edited by: Jordan , D. S . Vol. 3 , 307 – 319 . Washington : Govt. Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• (ALMANAC) THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE ALMANAC . [Copies examined were held at the Main St Library, Port Elizabeth; year and page number/s are given below under various headings]. The South African Almanac and Directory: 1831, p. 98–101; 1832, p. 51–55. The Cape of Good Hope Almanac: 1833, p. 73–78; 1833, p. 72. The South African Directory and Almanac: 1834, p. 102–109; 1835, p 197. The Cape Of Good Hope Annual Register Directory and Almanac: 1837, p. 3; 1839, p. 165–170. The Cape Calendar and Annual Register: 1840, p. 169–182
   Google Scholar
• The Cape of Good Hope Almanac and Annual Register: 1842, p. 205; 1843, p. 185–193; 1845, p. 122–133; 1846, p. 121–136; 1847, p. 123–135; 1849, p. 121–129; 1850, p. 161–170
   Google Scholar
• The Cape of Good Hope Almanac and Annual Register for 1852, Being Bissextile, or Leap Year: 1851, p. 34
   Google Scholar
• The Cape of Good Hope Almanac and Annual Register: 1852, p. 63–72; 1853, p. 61–68; 1854, p. 54–60; 1855, p. 58–60; 1856, p. 60–61
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , S. S. , Baker , J. R. , Prime , J. H. and Braid , A. 1979 . Mortality in grey seal pups: Incidence and causes . Journal of Zoology (London) , 189 : 407 – 417 .
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous . 1907 . Guano Islands Commission's Report, with evidence . In Annexures to the Votes and Proceedings of the House of Assembly, Cape of Good Hope , 114-1907 : 7 265, 39. (HA634 Annexures, item 114)
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous . 1917 . (March). A feathered colony: visit to Bird Island . South African Railways and Harbour Magazine , : 192 – 194 .
   Google Scholar
• (ADLCC) ARCHIVES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LANDS OF THE CAPE COLONY . 1886 . to December 1892 July. Correspondence file [Copy examined was held at the Cape Archives Repository, Cape Town]
   Google Scholar
• (ADLCC) ARCHIVES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LANDS OF THE CAPE COLONY . 1893-1897. Folios 1884 [Copy examined was held at the Cape Archives Repository, Cape Town]
   Google Scholar
• (ARGGI) ANNUAL REPORTS FOR THE GOVERNMENT GUANO ISLANDS . [Copies examined were held at the Cape Archives Repository, Cape Town; full reference for the relevant year is given below]
   Google Scholar
• Anon . 1886 . Removal and sale of guano from the Bird Island, Algoa Bay . In Annexures to the Votes and Proceedings of the House of Assembly, Cape of Good Hope , C1-1886 : 1 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , C. H. 1894 . Memorandum on working of the Guano Islands. Annual report for the season 1893–1894. In . Annexures to the Votes and Proceedings of the House of Assembly, Cape of Good Hope , G66-1894 : 1 – 6 . p. (Annexure B, p. 4; Annexure C, p. 5)
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , C. H. 1898 . Report on the government Guano Islands for the year 1897, by the government agent in charge. In . Annexures to the Votes and Proceedings of the House of Assembly, Cape of Good Hope , G75-1898 : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , C. H. 1935 . (December) . The Government Guano Islands Farming in South Africa , 10 : 596
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt , J. H. C. 1938 . (December) . The Government Guano Islands Farming in South Africa , 13 : 589 – 590 .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , J. R. 1984 . Mortality and morbidity in grey seal pups (Halichoerus grypus): studies on its causes, effects of environment, the nature and sources of infectious agents and the immunological status of pups . Journal of Zoology (London) , 203 : 23 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Best , P. B. and Shaughnessy , P. D. 1979 . An independent account of Captain Benjamin Morrell's sealing voyage to the south-west coast of Africa in the Antarctic, 1828/29 . Fisheries Bulletin of South Africa , 12 : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• BIRD ISLAND LIGHTHOUSE LOGBOOK . February 20, 1881 to May 1, 1967 (Unpubl.) [Document summarised by Dr G. Ross. Summary held at the Port Elizabeth Museum] (BILHLB)
   Google Scholar
• Boness , D. J. , Bowen , D. , Iverson , S. J. and Oftedal , O. T. 1992 . Influence of storms and maternal size on mother-pup separations and fostering in the harbour seal . Phoca vitulina. Canadian Journal of Zoology , 70 : 1640 – 1644 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns , J. J. 1981 . “ 2. Seals ” . In Bearded seal Erignathus barbatus Erxleben, 1777 Edited by: Ridgway , S. H. and Harrison , R. J. 145 – 170 . New York : Academic Press . In Handbook of Marine Mammals: Vol.;
   Google Scholar
• Butterworth , D. S. and Wickens , P. A. 1990 . “ Annex 2. Modelling the dynamics of the South African fur seal population. In ” . In Report of the subcommittee of the Sea Fisheries Advisory committee appointed by the minister of Environmental Affairs and of Water Affairs 33 – 57 . Cape Town : Ministry of National Education and Environmental Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• (CGHBB) THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE BLUE BOOKS . [Copies examined were held at the Cape Archives Repository, Cape Town; year, volume, page number/s given below under various headings]. Imports and Exports for 18xx: 1822. CO5964, p. 155a-184, 196, 215; 1823. CO5965, p. 190–223; 1824. CO5966, p. 19–48; 1825. CO5967, p. 172–194; 1826. CO5968, p. 152a-169; 1827. CO5969, p. 125–146; 1828. CO5970, p. 180c-194; 1829. CO5972, p. 198a-217; 1830. CO5973, p. 190–295; 1831. CO5974, p. 195–248; 1833. CO5975, p. 163–215a; 1834. CO5976, p. 160–176; 1835. CO5977, p. 151–176a; 1836. CO5978, p. 151–176a; 1837. CO5979, p. 159–168; 1838. CO5980, p. 147–156; 1838. CCP9/1, p. 259–263; 1839. CCP9/2, p. 261–269; 1840. CCP9/3, p. 299–301; 1841. CCP9/4, p. 293–295. Return of Manufactures, Mines & Fisheries; Imports and Exports for the year ending 18xx: 1842. CCP9/5, p. 274, 297–299; 1843. CCP9/6, p. 276, 297–299; 1844. CCP9/7, p. 312, 347; 1845. CCP9/8, p. 318, 353; 1846. CCP9/9, p. 374, 391, 395; 1847. CCP9/10, p. 376, 391, 395 (also see 399); 1848. CCP9/11, p. 428, 447, 451, 453; 1849. CCP9/12, p. 446, 467, 469; 1850. CCP9/13, p. 444, 463, 467, 469; 1851. CCP9/14, p. 444, 471 (also see 463, 467, 469); 1852. CCP9/15, p. 430, 456–458; 1853. CCP9/16, p. 430, 457–459; 1854. CCP9/17, p. 452, 481–483; 1855. CCP9/18, p. 500, 531–533; 1856. CCP9/19, p. 525, 553–555; 1857. CCP9/20, p. BB7, BB9, v82, v88, v94. Return of Manufactures, Mines & Fisheries; Return of Shipping and of Imports and Exports 18xx: 1858. CCP 9/21, p. AA85, AA89, FF11; 1859. CCP9/22, p. AA86, AA92, FF13; 1860. CCP9/23, p. AA81, AA86, FF13; 1861. CCP9/24, p. AA74, AA79, FF13; 1862. CCP9/25, p. AA77, AA81, FF13; 1863. CCP9/26, p. AA70, AA75, FF13; 1864. CCP9/27, p. AA68, AA73, FF13; 1865. CCP9/28, p. AA68, AA72, FF13; 1866. CCP9/29, p. AA66, AA70, FF13. Manufactures, Mines & Fisheries; Shipping and Imports and Exports 18xx: 1867. CCP9/30, p. AA62, AA66, FF13; 1868. CCP9/31, p. AA62, AA65, FF3; 1869. CCP9/32, AA65, AA68; 1870. CCP9/33, p. AA67, AA71, FF3; 1871. CCP9/34, p. AA73, AA78, FF3; 1972. CCP9/35, p. AA71, AA76, FF3; 1873. CCP9/36, p. AA32, AA37, FF3. Imports and Exports for 18xx. 1874. CCP9/37, p. AA35; 1875. CCP9/38, p. AA37; 1876. CCP9/39, p. T70; 1877. CCP9/40, p. N35; 1878. CCP9/41, p. N21; 1879. CCP9/42, p. N23; 1880. CCP9/43, p. Na21; 1881. CCP9/44, p. Na24; 1882. CCP9/45, p. 585; 1883. CCP9/46, p. 552; 1884. CCP9/47, p. 350
   Google Scholar
• CAPE OF GOOD HOPE GOVERNMENT GAZETTE . 1844 Cape of Good Hope Government Gazette, 10 May 1844. (CGHSRBCO) THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE STATISTICAL REGISTERS OF THE BRITISH COLONIAL OFFICE [Copies examined were held at the Cape Archives Repository, Cape Town; year, volume, page number/s are given below under Produce of the Cape Colony]. 1886. 10/1, p. 140, 166; 1887. 10/2, p. 135, 164; 1888. 10/3, p. 138, 164; 1889. 10/4, p. 147, 183; 1890. 10/5, p. 140, 173; 1891. 10/6, p. 141, 173; 1892. 10/7, p. 183; 1893. 10/8, p. 176; 1894. 10/9, p. 186; 1895. 10/10, p. 186; 1896. 10/11, p. 169; 1897. 10/12, p. 232; 1898. 10/13, p. 232; 1899. 10/14, p. 212; 1900. 10/15, p. 170; 1901. 10/16, p. 212; 1902. 10/17, p. 212; 1903. 10/18, p. 221; 1904. 10/19, p. 179; 1905. 10/20, p. 166, 167; 1906. 10/21, p. 206; 1907. 10/22, p. NA; 1908. 10/23, p. NA
   Google Scholar
• Chase , J. C. 1967 . The Cape of Good Hope and the Eastern Province of Algoa Bay Cape Town; C. Struik: 356
   Google Scholar
• Chase , J. C. 1969 . Old Times and Odd Corners. Port Elizabeth; . Historical Society of Port Elizabeth and Walmer , 1 : 1 – 9 .
   Google Scholar
• Crawford , R. J. M. and Best , P. B. 1990 . On the former abundance of South African fur seals off Namibia Working paper, Benguela Ecology Program workshop on seal-fishery biological interactions BEP/SW91/A6: 4
   Google Scholar
• Cross , C. M. P. 1928 . South African sealing industry . The Fur Journal , 24 : 37 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• David , J. H. M. 1995 . “ Chapter 26. Seals ” . In In Oceans of life off southern Africa, , 2nd edition Edited by: Payne , A. I. L. and Crawford , R. J. M. 288 – 302 . Johannesburg : Vlaeberg publishers .
   Google Scholar
• (EPH) EASTERN PROVINCE HERALD . 1845-1900
   Google Scholar
• Fitzsimons , F. W. 1920 . The natural history of South Africa Vol. 2 , London : Longmans . p. 195
   Google Scholar
• GRAHAM'S TOWN JOURNAL . 1834 . Graham's Town Journal, 12 June 1834
   Google Scholar
• GRAHAM'S TOWN JOURNAL . 1844 . Graham's Town Journal, 25 April 1844
   Google Scholar
• Green , L. G. 1955 . Panther head 241 – 250 . The full story of the Bird Islands off the southern coasts of Africa, the men of the islands, and the birds in their millions. London; Stanley Paul & Co
   Google Scholar
• Hart , S. 1957 . De eerste Nederlands tochten ter walvisvaart. Jaarboek van het Genootschap Amstelodamum, Amsterdam , 49 : 27 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , C. H. 1925 . Seals. Methods used in killing, skinning and salting . South African Journal Industry , 8 ( 8 ) : 515 – 516 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly-Paterson , E. 1971 . (March). Plettenberg Bay to Knysna . Looking Back , 11 ( 1 ) : 41 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• King , J. E. 1983 . Seals of the world (2nd edition). Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.). London; Oxford University Press: 240
   Google Scholar
• Le Boeuf , B. J. and Briggs , K. T. 1977 . The cost of living in a seal harem . Mammalia , 41 : 167 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariner , V. A . 1998 . El Niño: Facts, images and predictions . COAPS College & Research Libraries News , 59 ( 9 ) : 663 – 667 .
   Google Scholar
• Metelerkamp , S. 1955 . George Rex of Knysna 308 Cape Town : Timmins .
   Google Scholar
• Miles , T. 1966-1971 . Government Guano Islands Inspectorate: extracts from daily diaries, 1966–1971 [Copy examined was held at the Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Cape Town]
   Google Scholar
• Morrell , B. 1832 . A narrative of four voyages to the South Sea, North and South Pacific Oceans, Chinese Sea, Ethiopic and Southern Atlantic Ocean, Indian and Antarctic Ocean. From the year 1822 to 1831 492 New York : J. & J. Harper .
   Google Scholar
• Moresby , F. 1972 . Remarks on the rivers and coast between Cape Recife and the mouth of the Keiskahama, with particular description of Port Elizabeth, Algoa Bay, Southern Africa . Looking Back , 12 : 98 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Ono , K. A. , Boness , D. J. and Oftedal , O. T. 1987 . The effect of a natural environmental distribution on maternal investment and pup behaviour in the California sea lion . Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology , 21 : 109 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• (OYB) OFFICIAL YEAR BOOK OF THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA AND OF BASUTOLAND, BECHUANALAND PROTECTORATE, AND SWAZILAND . 1910 – 1916 . [Copies examined were held at the Cape Archives Repository, Cape Town; year, volume, page number/s are given below under various headings]. Exports from the Union:7/1, p. 520, 521. Quantity and value of exports from the Union of Produce of the Land, Agricultural and Pastoral (other than living animals), from 19xx-19xx: Imports and exports/including ships' stores:1910–19177/2, p. 589, 590; 1910–1918. 7/4, p. 688, 689; 1910–1920. 7/6, p. 709, 710; 1910–21. 7/8, p. 700, 701; 1910–1922. 7/10, p. 714, 715; 1910–1924. 7/12, p. 613, 614; 1910–1925. 7/13, p. 619, 620; 1926–1927. 7/15, p. 626, 627; 1927–1928. 7/17, p. 628, 629; 1928–1929. 7/19, p. 619, 620; 1929–1930. 7/21, p. 608, 609; 1930–1931. 7/23, p. 542, 543; 1931–1932. 7/25, p. 562, 563; 1932–1933. 7/27, p. 592, 593; 1933–1934. 7/29, p. 604, 605; 1934–1935. 7/31, p. 631, 632; 1937, 7/33, p. 977, 978; 1938. 7/34, p. 964, 965; 1939, 7/35, p. 963, 964; Chapter 10. Fertilizers and other products (as in) Number 4: 1938. 7/34, p. 786; 1939. 7/35, p. 787; 1940. 7/37, p. 777; 1941. 7/38, p. 741; 1948. 7/40, p. 854; Ch. 19. Other products:1952–19537/43, p. 858
   Google Scholar
• Perry , E. A. and Renouf , D. 1988 . Further studies of the role of harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) pup vocalisation in preventing separation of mother-pup pairs . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 66 : 934 – 938 .
   Google Scholar
• Pinchin , R. 1871 . (January). The Bird Islands . The Cape Monthly Magazine , 2 : 354 – 357 .
   Google Scholar
• Price , D. B. 1938-1972 . The Daily Diaries of Mr D. B. Price, formerly Chief Inspector, Government Guano Islands Division, 1938 to 1972. 4 vols. (unpubl.). [Copy examined was held at the Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Cape Town]
   Google Scholar
• Rand , R. W. 1950 . The Cape fur seals . Farming in South Africa , 25 : 305 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• Rand , R. W. 1952 . (September). Fur seals: research and management . Commerce and Industry , 11 ( 1 ) : 35 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Rand , R. W. 1963 . The biology of guano-producing seabirds 5. Composition of colonies on the Cape Islands . Sea Fisheries Research Institute Investigational Report, South Africa , 43 : 1 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Rand , R. W. 1967 . The Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus 3. General behaviour on land and at sea . Sea Fisheries Research Institute Investigational Report, South Africa , 60 : 1 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Rand , R. W. 1972 . The Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus 4. Estimates of population size . Sea Fisheries Research Institute Investigational Report, South Africa , 89 : 128
   Google Scholar
• Raven-Hart , R. 1967 . Before Van Riebeeck: callers at South Africa from 1488 to 1652 216 Cape Town : C. Struik .
   Google Scholar
• (RCC) RECORDS OF THE CAPE COLONY . [Copies examined were held at the Cape Archives Repository, Cape Town; year, volume, page number/s are given below]. Oct 1812-Apr 1814. IX, p. 443–445; Apr-Jun 1825. XXI, p. 170; Jun-Aug 1825. XXII, p. 386–413; Oct 1824-Feb 1825. XIX, p. 104–106; Sep-Dec 1826. XXVIII, p. 504; Dec 1827-April 1831. XXXV, p. 229–287; Dec 1827-April 1831. XXXV, p. 229–287
   Google Scholar
• Reijnders , R. , Brasseur , S. , van der Toorn , J. , van der Wolf , P. , Boyd , I. , Harwood , J. , Lavigne , D. , Lowry , L. and IUCN/SSC Seal Specialist Group . 1993 . Seals, fur seals, sea lions, and walrus: status survey and conservation action plan 88 Gland, , Switzerland : IUCN .
   Google Scholar
• Renouf , D. 1984 . The vocalisation of the harbour seal pup (Phoca vitulina) and its role in the maintenance of contact with the mother . Journal of Zoology , 202 : 583 – 590 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , G. J. B. 1971 . Notes on seals and sealing in the Eastern Cape . The Eastern Cape Naturalist , 44 : 6 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , G. J. B. 1978 . Historical status of gannets and other seabirds on Bird Island, Algoa Bay . Comorant , 4 : 18 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , G. J. B. , Colclough , J. H. and Maritz , W. 1988 . “ Population trends of Cape gannets on Bird Island, Algoa Bay. ” . In In Long-term data series relating to southern Africa's renewable natural resources , South African National Scientific programmes report No. 157. Edited by: Macdonald , I. A. W. and Crawford , R. J. M. 96 – 99 . Pretoria
   Google Scholar
• Settlers . 1823 . Sealing dispute, 1823 Vol. 20 , 26 [Copy examined was held in the Cape Archives Repository, Cape Town (document CO 210)]
   Google Scholar
• Shannon , L. V. 1989 . “ The physical environment. In ” . In Oceans of life off southern Africa, , 2nd edition Edited by: Payne , A. I. L. and Crawford , R. J. M. 12 – 27 . Johannesburg : Vlaeberg publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Shaughnessy , P. D. 1981 . Geographic variation in the vitamin A content of livers of adult male Cape fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus, 1941–1949 . Fisheries Bulletin of South Africa , 14 : 123 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• Shaughnessy , P. D. 1982 . The status of seals in South Africa and Namibia. In Mammals of the sea. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations . Fisheries Series , 4 : 383 – 410 . No. 5
   Google Scholar
• Shaughnessy , P. D. 1984 . Historical population levels of seals and seabirds on islands off southern Africa, with special reference to Seal Island, False Bay . Sea Fisheries Research Institute Investigational Report, South Africa , 127 : 1 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Shaughnessy , P. D. 1987a . Population size of the Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus 1. From aerial photography . Sea Fisheries Research Institute Investigational Report, South Africa , 130 : 1 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Shaughnessy , P. D. 1987b . Statistical methods for estimating numbers of Cape fur seal pups from aerial surveys . Marine Mammal Science , 3 ( 4 ) : 297 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storrar , P. 1977 . (March). The First Parishioners: the wreck of the San Gonzales in Plettenberg Bay . The Looking Back , 17 ( 1 ) : 9 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Storrar , P. 1978 . Portrait of Plettenberg Bay 242 Cape Town : Centaur Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Storrar , P. 1981 . (April). The Beacon Island . The Plettenberg Bay Historical Society Bulletin , 1 ( 1 ) : 1
   Google Scholar
• Stewardson , C. L. 1999 . South African Airforce wildlife rescue: Cape fur seal pups (Pinnipedia: Otariidae) washed from Black Rocks, Algoa Bay, during heavy seas, December 1976 1 – 17 . Canberra; Australian National University
   Google Scholar
• Temple , R. C. 1900 . The wreck of the Doddington, 1755. In . The Indian Antiquary , 29 : 294 – 299 .
   Google Scholar
• Temple , R. C. 1901 . The wreck of the Doddington, 1755. In . The Indian Antiquary , 30 : 330 – 499 .
   Google Scholar
• Temple , R. C. 1902 . The wreck of the Doddington, 1755. In . The Indian Antiquary , 31 : 114 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• UNION GOVERNMENT GUANO ISLANDS ADMINISTRATION FILES . (UGGI files) January 7, 1906-December 5, 1953. [Copy examined was held at the Cape Archives Repository, Cape Town]. Translated from Afrikaans to English by Dr G.Ross and Miss M. du Plessis. English version held at the Port Elizabeth Museum
   Google Scholar
• Wartzok , D. 1991 . “ Physiology of behaviour in pinnipeds. In ” . In The behaviour of pinnipeds Edited by: Renouf , D. 236 – 299 . London : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Webb , W. R. 1763 . A journal of the proceedings of the Doddington East-Indiaman, from her sailing from the Downs till she was unfortunately wrecked on some rocks on the east coast of Africa London; T. Kinnersly, St Panks Church Yard: 21
   Google Scholar
• Wickens , P. A. and Butterworth , D. S. 1990 . Summary of all census data for the South African fur seal 58 – 62 . Hanks' Committee Report. Annex 3. Working paper, Benguela Ecology Program workshop on seal-fishery biological interactions. BEP/SW91/A4
   Google Scholar
• Wickens , P. A. and Shelton , P. A. 1992 . Seal pup counts as indicators of population size . South African Journal of Wildlife Research , 22 : 65 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickens , P. A. , David , J. H. M. , Shelton , P. A. and FielD , J. G. 1991 . Trends in harvests and pup numbers of the South African fur seal: implications for management . South African Journal of Marine Science , 11 : 307 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar