256
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Regular Articles

Hands of living San resemble those in palaeolithic stencils, not modern Europeans

, , , , &

References

  • Ambrose, S.H. 1998. Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern humans. Journal of Human Evolution 34: 623–651. doi: 10.1006/jhev.1998.0219
  • Amos, W. & Hoffman, J.I. 2010. Evidence that two main bottleneck events shaped modern human genetic diversity. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 277: 131–137. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1473
  • Aubry, M.P., van Couvering, J.A., Christie-Blick, N., Landing, E., Pratt, B.R., Owen, D.E. & Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I. 2009. Terminology of geological time: establishment of a community standard. Stratigraphy 6: 100–105.
  • Balter, M. 2010. Of two minds about Toba’s impact. Science 327: 1187–1188. doi: 10.1126/science.327.5970.1187-a
  • Benazzi, S., Slon, V., Talamo, S., Negrino, F., Peresani, M., Bailey, S.E., Sawyer, S., Panetta, D., Vicino, G., Starnini, E., Mannino, M.A., Salvadori, P.A., Meyer, M., Paabo, S. & Hublin, J.J. 2015. The makers of the Protoaurignacian and implications for Neandertal extinction. Science 348: 793–795. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa2773
  • Bosch, M.D., Marcello, A., Mannino, M.A., Prendergast, A.L., O’Connell, T.C., Demarchi, B., Taylor, S.M., Niven, L., van der Plicht, J. & Hublin, J.J. 2015. New chronology for Ksâr 'Akil (Lebanon) supports Levantine route of modern human dispersal into Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science United States of America 112: 7683–7688. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1501529112
  • Dunn, R.H., Tocheri, M.W. & Jungers, W.L. 2014. Ecological divergence and talar morphology in gorillas. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 153: 526–541. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22451
  • Efron, B. & Tibshirani, R.J. 1993. An Introduction of the Bootstrap. New York, Chapman Hall/CRC.
  • Fu, Q., Hajdinjak, M., Moldovan, O.T., Constantin, S., Mallick, S., Skoglund, P., Patterson, N., Rohland, N., Lazaridis, I., Nickel, B., Viola, B., Prufer, K., Meyer, M., Kelso, J., Reich, D. & Paabo, S. 2015. An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor. Nature 524: 216–219. doi: 10.1038/nature14558
  • García-Diez, M., Garrido, D., Hoffmann, D.L., Pettitt, P.B., Pike, A.W. & Zilhão, J. 2015. The chronology of hand stencils in European Palaeolithic rock art: Implications of new U-series results from El Castillo Cave (Cantabria, Spain). Journal of Anthropological Sciences 95: 1–18.
  • Harvati, K., Gunz, P. & Grigorescu, D. 2007. Cioclovina (Romania): affinities of an early modern European. Journal of Human Evolution 53: 732–746. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.09.009
  • Hershkovitz, I., Marder, O., Ayalon, A., Bar-Matthews, M., Yasur, G., Boaretto, E., Caracuta, V., Alex, B., Frumkin, A., Goder-Goldberger, M., Gunz, P., Holloway, R.L., Latimer, B., Lavi, R., Matthews, A., Slon, V., Bar-Yosef Mayer, D., Berna, F., Bar-oz, G., Yeshurun, R., May, H., Hans, M.G., Weber, G.W. & Barzilai, O. 2015. Levantine cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) foreshadows the first European modern humans. Nature 520: 216–219. doi: 10.1038/nature14134
  • Jorde, L.B., Watkins, W.S., Bamshad, M.J., Dixon, M.E., Ricker, C.E., Seielstad, M.T. & Batzer, M.A. 2000. The distribution of human genetic diversity: a comparison of mitochondrial, autosomal, and Y-chromosome data. American Journal of Human Genetics 66: 979–988. doi: 10.1086/302825
  • Kolling, M. 2009. Sediment geochemistry: numerous ways to say thousand years in a scientific paper. http://www.sedgeochem.uni-bremen.de/kiloyears.html
  • Lachance, J., Vernot, B., Elbers, C.C., Ferwerda, B., Froment, A., Bodo, J.M., Lema, G., Fu, W., Nyambo, T.B., Rebbeck, T.R., Zhang, K., Akey, J.M. & Tishkoff, S.A. 2012. Evolutionary history and adaptation from high-coverage whole-genome sequences of diverse African hunter-gatherers. Cell 150: 457–469. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.009
  • Mallick, C.B., Iliescu, F.M., Mols, M., Hill, S., Tamang, R., Chaubey, G., Goto, R., Ho, S.Y.W., Romero, I.G., Crivellaro, F., Hujashov, G., Rai, N., Metsplau, M., Mascie-Taylor, C.G.N., Pitchappan, R., Singh, L., Mirazon-Lahr, M., Thangaraj, K., Villems, R. & Kivisild, T. 2013. The light skin allele of SLC24A5 in south Asians and Europeans shares identity by descent. PLoS Genetics 9: e1003912.
  • Manly, B.F.J. 1997. Randomization, Bootstrap and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology. London, Chapman Hall.
  • Manning, J.T. 2002. Digit Ratio: A pointer to fertility, behaviour and health. New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press.
  • Manning, J.T., Scutt, D., Wilson, J. & Lewis-Jones, D.I. 1998. The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinising hormone and oestrogen. Human Reproduction 13: 3000–3004. doi: 10.1093/humrep/13.11.3000
  • Mellars, P. 2004. Neanderthals and the modern human colonization of Europe. Nature 432: 461–465. doi: 10.1038/nature03103
  • Nelson, E., Hall, J., Randolph-Quinney, P. & Sinclair, A. 2017. Beyond size: the potential of a geometric morphometric analysis of shape and form for the assessment of sex in hand stencils in rock art. Journal of Archaeological Science 78: 202–213. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.001
  • Perez-Seoane, M.M., de Quiros, F.B., Corruchaga, J.A.L., Beltran, A. & Ramos, P.A.S. 1999. The Cave of Altamira. New York, Harry N. Abrams.
  • Pettitt, P., Castillejo, A.M., Arais, P., Peredo, R.O. & Harrison, R. 2014. New views on old hands: the contexts of stencils in El Castillo and La Garma caves (Cantabria, Spain). Antiquity 88, 47–63. doi: 10.1017/S0003598X00050213
  • Rampino, M.R. & Self, S. 1993. Bottleneck in human evolution and the Toba eruption. Science 262: 1955. doi: 10.1126/science.8266085
  • Rose, W.I. & Chesner, C.A. 1987. Dispersal of ash in the great Toba eruption, 75 ka. Geology 15: 913–917. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<913:DOAITG>2.0.CO;2
  • Snow, D. 2013. Sexual dimorphism in European Upper Paleolithic cave art. American Antiquity 78: 746–761. doi: 10.7183/0002-7316.78.4.746
  • Storey, M., Roberts, R.G. & Saidin, M. 2012. Astronomically calibrated 40Ar/39Ar age for the Toba super-eruption and global synchronization of late Quaternary records. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science United States of America 109: 18684–18688. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1208178109
  • Tishkoff, S.A., Reed, F.A., Friedlaender, F.R., Ehret, C., Ranciaro, A., Froment, A., Hirbo, J.B., Awomoyi, A.A., Bodo, J.M., Doumbo, O., Ibrahim, M., Juma, A.T., Kotze, M.J., Lema, G., Moore, J.H., Mortensen, H., Nyambo, T.B., Omar, S.A., Powell, K., Pretorius, G.D., Smith, M.W., Thera, M.A., Wambebe, C., Weber, J.L. & Williams, S.M. 2009. The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans. Science 324: 1035–1044. doi: 10.1126/science.1172257
  • Wilcox, A.R. 1984. The Rock Art of Africa. London, Croom Helm.
  • Williams, J.D. & Dowson, T.A. 1988. The signs of all times: entoptic phenomena in upper Palaeolithic art. Current Anthropology 29: 201–245. doi: 10.1086/203629

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.