Spatio-temporal distribution of Vachellia stuhlmannii (Taub.) in Venetia-Limpopo nature reserve – SPOT-imagery

References

• Adelabu, S., Mutanga, O., Adam, E. & Cho, M.A. 2013. Exploiting machine learning algorithms for tree species classification in a semiarid woodland using RapidEye image. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 7 (1): 073480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiazzi, B., Baronti, S. & Selva, M. 2007. MS+ Pan image fusion by an enhanced Gram-Schmidt spectral sharpening. In Bochenek, Z. (Ed.) New Developments and Challenges in Remote Sensing. Rotterdam, Millpress. pp. 113–120.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, G.D. & Walker, B.H. 1974. Vegetation composition and elephant damage in the Sengwa Wildlife Research Area, Rhodesia. Journal of the Southern African Wildlife Management Association 4 (1): 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Asner, G.P. & Levick, S.R. 2012. Landscape-scale effects of herbivores on treefall in African savannas. Ecology Letters 15: 1211–1217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley, A. 2010. Analysing spatial point patterns in R.
   Google Scholar
• Barnes, R.F.W. 1985. Woodland changes in Ruaha National Park (Tanzania) between 1976 and 1982. African Journal of Ecology 23 (4): 215–221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, R. 1996. The conflict between humans and elephants in the central African forests. Mammal Review 26 (213): 67–80.
   Google Scholar
• Belsky, A.J. 1984. Role of small browsing mammals in preventing woodland regeneration in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 22: 271–279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton, T.G., Vickery, J.A. & Wilson, J.D. 2003. Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneity the key? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18: 182–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkett, A. & Stevens-Wood, B. 2005. Effect of low rainfall and browsing by large herbivores on an enclosed savannah habitat in Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 43 (2): 123–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breiman, L. 2001. Random forests. Machine Learning 45: 5–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, L.R., Du Preez, P.J., Bezuidenhout, H., Bredenkamp, G.J., Mostert, T.H.C. & Collins, N.B. 2013. Guidelines for phytosociological classifications and description of vegetation in southern Africa. Koedoe 55 (1): 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calenge, C., Maillard, D., Gaillard, J.-M., Merlot, L. & Peltier, R. 2002. Elephant damage to trees of wooded savanna in Zakouma National Park, Chad. Journal of Tropical Ecology 18 (04): 599–614.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, J.M., Pavlic, G., Brown, L., Cihlar, J., Leblanc, S.G., White, H.P., Hall, R.J., Peddle, D.R., King, D.J., Trofymow, J.A., Swift, E., Van Der Sanden, J. & Pellikka, P.K.E. 2002. Derivation and validation of Canada-wide coarse-resolution leaf area index maps using high-resolution satellite imagery and ground measurements. Remote Sensing of Environment 80: 165–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, M.A., Mathieu, R., Asner, G.P., Naidoo, L., Van Aardt, J., Ramoelo, A., Debba, P., Wessels, K., Main, R., Smit, I.P.J. & Erasmus, B. 2012. Mapping tree species composition in South African savannas using an integrated airborne spectral and LIDAR system. Remote Sensing of Environment 125: 214–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, P.J. & Evans, F.C. 1954. Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology 35: 445–453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe, M.J., Cumming, D.H. & Phillipson, J. 1976. Biomass and production of large African herbivores in relation to rainfall and primary production. Oecologia 22: 341–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. 1960. A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and psychological measurement 20 (1): 37–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Congalton, R.G. 1991. A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data. Remote Sensing of Environment 37 (1): 35–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale, M.R.T. 1999. Spatial Pattern Analysis in Plant Ecology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Diggle, P.J., Besag, J. & Gleaves, J.T. 1976. Statistical analysis of spatial point patterns by means of distance methods. Biometrics 32: 659–667.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Gregoria, A. & Jansen, L.J.M. 2000. Land Cover Classification System (LCCS): classification concepts and User Manual.
   Google Scholar
• Drummond, R.R. 1975. A list of trees, shrubs and woody climbers indigenous or naturalised in Rhodesia. Kirkia 10 (1): 241.
   Google Scholar
• Dublin, H.T. 1995. Vegetation Dynamics in the Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem: The Role of Elephants, Fire, and Other Factors. Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Earth Observing System. 2012. SPOT 6&7 IMAGERY. Satellites. https://eos.com/spot-6-and-7/ (accessed 22 January 2021).
   Google Scholar
• East, R. 1984. Rainfall, soil nutrient status and biomass of large African savanna mammals. African Journal of Ecology 22: 245–270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckhardt, H.C., Van Wilgen, B.W. & Biggs, H.C. 2000. Trends in woody vegetation cover in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, between 1940 and 1998. African Journal of Ecology 38: 108–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elzinga, C.L., Salzer, D.W. & Willoughby, J.W. 1998. Measuring and Monitoring Plant Populations. Denver, National Applied Resource Science Center, Denver Federal Center, Denver.
   Google Scholar
• Envi. 2006. Environment for visualising images.
   Google Scholar
• Franklin, J., Duncan, J. & Turner, D.L. 1993. Reflectance of vegetation and soil in Chihuahuan desert plant communities from ground radiometry using SPOT wavebands. Remote Sensing of Environment 46 (3): 291–304.
   Google Scholar
• Gadd, M.E. 2002. The impact of elephants on the marula tree Sclerocarya birrea. African Journal of Ecology 40: 328–336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geocento Intelligent Earth Imaging. 2012. SPOT-5 satellite imagery. Satellite Imagery Gallery. https://geocento.com/satellite-imagery-gallery/spot-5/ (accessed 22 January 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons, P. & Boak, M. 2002. The value of paddock trees for regional conservation in an agricultural landscape. Ecological Management and Restoration 3: 205–210.
   Google Scholar
• Greig-Smith, P. 1983. Quantitative Plant Ecology. Oxford, Hill: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Groen, T.A., van Langevelde, F., van de Vijver, C.A., Govender, N. & Prins, H.H. 2008. Soil clay content and fire frequency affect clustering in trees in South African savannas. Journal of Tropical Ecology 24 (3): 269–279.
   Google Scholar
• Haase, P. 1995. Spatial pattern analysis in ecology based on Ripley’s K-function: Introduction and methods of edge correction. Journal of Vegetation Science 6 (4): 575–582.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, F., Zhou, J. & Zhu, H. 2003. Autologistic regression model for the distribution of vegetation. Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics 8 (2): 205–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hrabar, H., Hattas, D. & Du Toit, J.T. 2009. Differential effects of defoliation by mopane caterpillars and pruning by African elephants on the regrowth of Colophospermum mopane foliage. Journal of Tropical Ecology 25 (03): 301–309.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, S. & Siegert, F. 2006. Land cover classification optimized to detect areas at risk of desertification in North China based on SPOT VEGETATION imagery. Journal of Arid Environments 67: 308–327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalemera, M.C. 1989. Observations on feeding preference of elephants in the Acacia tortilis woodland of Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 27: 325–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladle, R.J. & Whittaker, R.J., (Eds.). 2011. Conservation Biogeography. Hoboken, NJ, Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Laws, R.M., Parker, I.S.C. & Johnstone, R.C.B. 1975. Elephants and their Habitats. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lehmann, C.E.R., Prior, L.D., Williams, R.J. & Bowman, D.M.J.S. 2008. Spatio-temporal trends in tree cover of a tropical mesic savanna are driven by landscape disturbance. Journal of Applied Ecology 45: 1304–1311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenhard, W. & Lenhard, A. 2014. Hypothesis tests for comparing correlations. Psychometrica. https://www.psychometrica.de/correlation.html (accessed 31 January 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Levin, N., Mcalpine, C., Phinn, S., Price, B., Pullar, D., Kavanagh, R.P. & Law, B.S. 2009. Mapping forest patches and scattered trees from SPOT images and testing their ecological importance for woodland birds in a fragmented agricultural landscape. International Journal of Remote Sensing 30 (12): 3147–3169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, D.M. 1991. Observations of tree growth, woodland structure and elephant damage on Colophospermum mopane in Luangwa Valley, Zambia. African Journal of Ecology 29 (3): 207–221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loosmore, N.B. & Ford, E.D. 2006. Statistical inference using the G or K point pattern spatial statistics. Ecology 87 (8): 1925–1931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig, J.A., Tongway, D.J. & Marsden, S.G. 1999. Stripes, strands or stipples: modelling the influence of three landscape banding patterns on resource capture and productivity in semiarid woodlands, Australia. Catena 37: 257–273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macgregor, S.D. & O’Connor, T.G. 2002. Patch dieback of Colophospermum mopane in a dysfunctional semiarid African savanna. Austral Ecology 27 (4): 385–395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macgregor, S.D. & O’Connor, T.G. 2004. Response of Acacia tortilis to utilisation by elephants in a semiarid African savanna. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 34 (1): 55–66.
   Google Scholar
• Manning, A.D., Fischer, J. & Lindenmayer, D.B. 2006. Scattered trees are keystone structures – Implications for conservation. Biological Conservation 132 (3): 311–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mapaura, A. & Timberlake, J. (Eds.). 2004. A checklist of Zimbabwean vascular plants. In Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 33 Sabonet. Pretoria and Harare: 44 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Mathieu, R., Seddon, P. & Leiendecker, J. 2006. Predicting the distribution of raptors using remote sensing techniques and Geographic Information Systems: A case study with the Eastern New Zealand falcon (Falco novaeseelandiae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology 33: 73–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellor, A., Haywood, A., Stone, C. & Jones, S. 2013. The performance of random forests in an operational setting for large area Sclerophyll forest classification. Remote Sensing 5: 2838–2856.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mucina, L. & Rutherford, M.C. 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19: 807.
   Google Scholar
• Mwalyosi, R.B.B. 1987. Decline of Acacia tortilis in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 25: 51–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nkosi, S.E., Adam, E., Barrett, A.S. & Brown, L.R. 2021. Mapping the spatial distribution of tree species selected by elephants (Loxodonta africana) in Venetia-Limpopo Nature Reserve using Sentinel-2 imagery. Applied Geomatics 13 (4): 701–713.
   Google Scholar
• Nyarieko, G.N., Guyo, P.M. & Mwafaida, J.M. 2017. Stability of Acacia stuhlmannii (Taub) Extracts as a Botanical Control Option to Ralstonia solanacearum. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 3 (9): 242–245.
   Google Scholar
• Nyarieko, N., Mghalu, M., Guyo, P. & Mwandogo, C. 2016. Screening for bioactivity of phytochemical extracted from Acacia stuhlmannii Against Ralstonia solanacearum. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 6 (16): 65–70.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor, T.G. 2017. Demography of woody species in a semiarid African savanna reserve following the reintroduction of elephants. Acta Oecologica 78 (2017): 61–70.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor, T.G., Goodman, P.S. & Clegg, B. 2007. A functional hypothesis of the threat of local extirpation of woody plant species by elephant in Africa. Biological Conservation 136 (3): 329–345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, T.G. & Page, B. 1997. Elephant Impact on the Woody Vegetation of the Venetia-Limpopo Nature Reserve: Baseline Monitoring and Modelling of Elephant Population Trends. Unpublished report. De Beers Consolidated Mines Limited.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor, T.G. & Page, B.R. 2014. Simplification of the composition, diversity and structure of woody vegetation in a semiarid African savanna reserve following the reintroduction of elephants. Biological Conservation 180 (2014): 122–133.
   Google Scholar
• Pellew, R.A.P. 1983. The impacts of elephant, giraffe and fire upon the Acacia tortilis woodlands of the Serengeti. African Journal of Ecology 21 (1): 41–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry, G.L.W. 2004. SpPack: Spatial point pattern analysis in Excel using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). Environmental Modelling & Software 19 (6): 559–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillipson, J. 1975. Rainfall, primary production and ‘carrying capacity’ of Tsavo National Park (East) Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 13: 171–201.
   Google Scholar
• Ripley, B.D. 1976. The second-order analysis of stationary point processes. Journal of Applied Probability 13: 255–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Galiano, V.F., Ghimire, B., Rogan, J., Chica-Olmo, M. & Rigol-Sanchez, J.P. 2012. An assessment of the effectiveness of a random forest classifier for land-cover classification. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 67: 93–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simms, C. 2009. The utilisation of satellite images for the detection of elephant induced vegetation change patterns. Doctoral dissertation, University of South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Sivakumar, M.V.K., Roy, P.S., Harmsen, K. & Saha, S.K. 2004. Satellite remote sensing and GIS applications in agricultural meteorology. Proceedings of the Training Workshop in Dehradun, India. AGM-8, WMO/TD, (1182).
   Google Scholar
• Smit, G.N. & Rethman, N.F.G. 1998. Root biomass, depth distribution and relations with leaf biomass of Colophospermum mopane. South African Journal of Botany 64 (1): 38–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Styles, C.V. & Skinner, J.D. 2000. The influence of large mammalian herbivores on growth form and utilization of mopane trees,Colophospermum mopane, in Botswana’s Northern Tuli Game Reserve. African Journal of Ecology 38: 95–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tans-Kersten, J., Huang, H. & Allen, C. 2001. Ralstonia solanacearum needs motility for invasive virulence on tomato. Journal of Bacteriology 183 (12): 3597–3605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topaloğlu, R.H., Sertel, E. & Musaoğlu, N. 2016. Assessment of classification accuracies of Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 data for land cover/use mapping. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences – ISPRS Archives 41 (July): 1055–1059.
   Google Scholar
• Trollope, W.S.W. 1996. Fire in Southern Africa Fire in the management of northern Australian pastoral lands. Proceedings of the Grassland Society of Australia 8: 9–23.
   Google Scholar
• Van Wijngaarden, W. 1985. Elephants-Trees-Grass-Grazers; Relationships between Climate, Soil, Vegetation and Large Herbivores in a Semiarid Savanna Ecosystem (Tsavo, Kenya). Enschede, The Netherlands, ITC Publication 4.
   Google Scholar
• Verhegghen, A., Eva, H., Ceccherini, G., Achard, F., Gond, V., Gourlet-Fleury, S. & Cerutti, P.O. 2016. The potential of Sentinel satellites for burnt area mapping and monitoring in the Congo Basin forests. Remote Sensing 8 (12): 986–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessels, D. 2002. Mopane woodland management. http://r4d.dfid.gov.uk/PDF/Outputs/Forestry/R7822_-_Q2_-_Management_mopane_veld.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Western, D. & Maitumo, D. 2004. Woodland loss and restoration in a savanna park: a 20-year experiment. African Journal of Ecology 42: 111–121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weyerhaeuser, R. 1982. On the Ecology of the Lake Manyara Elephants. M.F. Sc. Report. New Haven, USA, Yale University.
   Google Scholar
• Xie, Y., Sha, Z. & Yu, M. 2008. Remote sensing imagery in vegetation mapping: a review. Journal of Plant Ecology 1 (1): 9–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, T.P. & Lindsay, W.K. 1988. Role of even-age population structure in the disappearance of Acacia xanthophloea woodlands. African Journal of Ecology, 26: 69–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar