212
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Regular Articles

Active restoration in South African fynbos – A long-term perspective from the Agulhas Plain

, , ORCID Icon &

References

  • Beas, B.J., Smith, L.M., Hickman, K.R., Lagrange, T.G. & Stutheit, R. 2013. Seed bank responses to wetland restoration: do restored wetlands resemble reference conditions following sediment removal? Aquatic Botany 108: 7–15. doi:10.1016/j.aquabot.2013.02.002. (accessed 21 February 2022).
  • Chetan, H.C. 2019. Ecological Restoration of Abandoned Tea Plantations: Challenges and Prospects in Southern India. New Dehli, Educreation Publishing. p. 7.
  • Copsey, A., Black, S.A., Groombridge, J.J. & Jones, C.G. 2018. Species Conservation: Lessons from Islands. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. p. 306.
  • D’antonio, C.M. 2000. Invasive Species in a Changing World Chapter 4. Washingtion, DC, Fire, Plant Invasions, and Global Change. pp. 65-94.
  • Ehrenfeld, J.G. 2003. Effect of exotic plant invasion on soil nutrient cycling processes. Ecosystems 6: 503–523.
  • Froeschlin, N., Privett, S.D.J., Richardson, D.M. & Gaertner, M. 2022. Fynbos vegetation recovery twelve years after removal of invasive Eucalyptus trees. South African Journal of Botany 147: 764–773.
  • Fukami, T. 2015. Historical contingency in community assembly: integrating niches, species pools, and priority effects. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 46: 1–23.
  • Gaertner, M., Nottebrock, H., Fourie, H., Privett, S.D.J. & Richardson, D.M. 2012. Plant invasions, restoration, and economics: Perspectives from South African fynbos. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 14: 341–353.
  • Gaertner, M., Richardson, D.M. & Privett, S.D.J. 2011. Effects of alien plants on ecosystem structure and functioning and implications for restoration: insights from three degraded sites in South African fynbos. Environmental Management 48: 57–69.
  • Galatowitsch, S. & Richardson, D.M. 2005. Riparian scrub recovery after clearing of invasive alien trees in headwater streams of the Western Cape, South Africa. Biological Conservation 122: 509–521.
  • Gioria, M. & Pyšek, P. 2016. The Legacy of Plant Invasions: Changes in the Soil Seed Bank of Invaded Plant Communities. BioScience 66: 40–53.
  • Hall, S.A., Holmes, P., Gaertner, M. & Esler, K. 2021. Active seed sowing can overcome constraints to passive restoration of a critically endangered vegetation type. South African Journal of Botany 138: 249–261.
  • Hobbs, R.J. & Richardson, D.M. 2011. Invasion ecology and restoration ecology: parallel evolution in two fields of endeavour. In Richardson, D.M. (Ed.) Fifty years of invasion ecology. The legacy of Charles Elton. Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 61–69.
  • Holmes, P.M. 1989. Decay rates in buried alien Acacia seed populations of different density. South African Journal of Botany 55: 299–303.
  • Holmes, P.M. 1990. Dispersal and predation of alien Acacia seeds: effects of season and invading stand density. South African Journal of Botany 56: 428–434.
  • Holmes, P.M. 2001. Shrubland restoration following woody alien invasion and mining: effects of topsoil depth, seed source, and fertilizer addition. Restoration Ecology 9: 71–84.
  • Holmes, P.M., Esler, K.J., Van Wilgen, B.W. & Richardson, D.M. 2020. Ecological restoration of ecosystems degraded by invasive alien plants in South African fynbos. Is spontaneous succession a viable strategy? Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 75: 111–139. doi:10.1080/0035919X.2020.1781291. (accessed 21 February 2022).
  • Kraaij, T., Cowling, R.M. & Van Wilgen, B.W. 2011. Past approaches and future challenges to the management of fire and invasive alien plants in the new Garden Route National Park. South African Journal of Science 107: 1–11. doi:10.4102/sajs.v107i9/10.633.
  • Le Maitre, D.C., Gaertner, M., Marchante, E., Ens, E.J., Holmes, P.M., Pauchard, A., O’farrell, P.J., Rogers, A.M., Blanchard, R., James Blignaut, J. & Richardson, D.M. 2011. Impacts of invasive Australian acacias: implications for management and restoration. Diversity and Distributions 17: 1015–1029.
  • Marchante, H., Freitas, H. & Hoffmann, J.H. 2011. The potential role of seed banks in the recovery of dune ecosystems after removal of invasive plant species. Applied Vegetation Science 14: 107–119.
  • Marchante, E., Kjøller, A., Struwe, S. & Freitas, H. 2008. Invasive Acacia longifolia induce changes in the microbial catabolic diversity of sand dunes. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40: 2563–2568.
  • Marchante, H., Marchante, E. & Freitas, F. 2003. Invasion of the Portuguese dune ecosystem by the exotic species Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Wild: effects at community level. In Child, L.E., Brock, J.H., Brundu, G., Prach, K., Pyšek, P., Wade, P.M. & Williamson, M. (Eds.) Plant invasions: ecological threats and management solutions. The Netherlands, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. pp. 75–85.
  • Milton, S.J. & Hall, A.V. 1981. Reproductive biology of Australian acacias in the South-Western Cape Province, South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 44: 465–487.
  • Morris, T.L., Esler, K.J., Barger, N.N., Jacobs, S.M. & Cramer, M.D. 2011. Ecophysiological traits associated with the competitive ability of invasive Australian acacias. Diversity and Distributions 17: 898–910.
  • Morrison, E.B. & Lindell, C. 2010. Active or passive forest restoration? Assessing restoration alternatives with avian foraging behavior. Restoration Ecology 19 (201): 170–177.
  • Mucina, L., Bustamante-Sánchez, M.A., Duguy, B., Holmes, P., Keeler-Wolf, T., Armesto, J.J., Dobrowolski, M., Gaertner, M., Smith-Ramírez, C. & Vilagrosa, A. 2017. Ecological restoration in mediterranean-type shrublands and woodlands. In Allison, S. & Murphy, S. (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Ecological and Environmental Restoration. Abingdon, UK, Taylor & Francis. pp. 173–196.
  • Mucina, L., Rutherford, M.C., Powrie, L.W., Ellis, F., Rebelo, A.G., Boucher, C. & Helme, N. 2006. Fynbos Biome. p. 112. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ladislav_Mucina/publication/40106510_Fynbos_Biome/links/54ca36aa0cf22f98631ac054.pdf (accessed 21 February 2022).
  • Nsikani, M., Novoa, A., Van Wilgen, B.W., Keet, J. & Gaertner, M. 2017. Acacia saligna’s soil legacy effects persist up to 10 years after clearing: Implications for ecological restoration. Austral Ecology 42: 880–889.
  • Pimentel, D., Zuniga, R. & Morrison, D. 2005. Update on the environmental and economic cost associated with alien-invasive species in the United States. Ecological Economics 52: 273–288.
  • Prach, K., Marrs, R., Pyšek, P. & Van Diggelen, R. 2007. Manipulation of succession. In Walker, L.R., Walker, J. & Hobbs, R.J. (Eds.) Linking restoration and ecological succession. New York, Springer Science + Business Media. pp. 121–149.
  • Pretorius, M., Esler, K.J., Holmes, P.M. & Prins, N. 2008. The effectiveness of active restoration. South African Journal of Botany 74: 517–525.
  • Privett, S. & Lutzeyer, H. 2010. Field Guide to the Flora of Grootbos Nature Reserve and the Walker Bay region. Singapore, Grootbos Foundation, Craft Print International Ltd.
  • Richardson, D.M. & Cowling, R.M. 1992. Why is mountain fynbos invasible and which species invade? In Van Wilgen, B.W., Richardson, D.M., Kruger, F.J. & van Hensbergen, H.J. (Eds.) Fire in South African mountain fynbos. Berlin, Springer-Verlag. pp. 161–181.
  • Richardson, D.M. & Kluge, R.L. 2008. Seed banks of invasive Australian Acacia species in South Africa. Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics 10: 161–177.
  • Ruwanza, S., Gaertner, M., Esler, K.J. & Richardson, D.M. 2018. Medium-term vegetation recovery after removal of invasive Eucalyptus camaldulensis stands along a South African river. South African Journal of Botany 119: 63–68.
  • Strydom, M., Veldtman, R., Ngwenya, M.Z. & Esler, K.J. 2017. Invasive Australian Acacia seed banks: size and relationship with stem diameter in the presence of gall-forming biological control agents. PLOS ONE 12 (8): e0181763. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181763.
  • Strydom, M., Veldtman, R., Ngwenya, M.Z. & Esler, K.J. 2019. Seed survival of Australian Acacia in the Western Cape of South Africa in the presence of biological control agents and given environmental variation. PeerJ 7: e6816. doi:10.7717/peerj.6816.
  • Temperton, V.M., Baasch, A., Von Gillhaussen, P. & Kirmer, A. 2016. Assembly theory for restoring timing is everything? In Palmer, M.A., Zedler, J.B. & Falk, D.A. (Eds.) Foundations of Restoration Ecology. Washington, DC, Foundations of restoration ecology. Island Press. pp. 245–270.
  • Van Wilgen, B.W., Forsyth, G.G. & De Klerk, H. 2010. Fire management in Mediterranean-climate shrublands: a case study from the Cape fynbos. South African Journal of Applied Ecology 47: 631–38.
  • Vaughn, K.J. & Young, T.P. 2015. Short-term priority over exotic annuals increases the initial density and longer-term cover of native perennial grasses. Ecological Applications 25: 791–799.
  • Vinton, M.A. & Goergen, E.M. 2006. Plant–Soil Feedbacks Contribute to the Persistence of Bromus inermis in Tallgrass Prairie. Ecosystems 9 (6): 967–976.
  • Waller, P.A., Anderson, P.M. & Holmes, P.M. 2016. Seedling recruitment responses to interventions in seed-based ecological restoration of Peninsula Shale Renosterveld, Cape Town. South African Journal of Botany 10: 193–209.
  • Weidlich, E.W.A., Von Gillhaussen, P., Max, J.F.J., Delory, B.M., Jablonowski, N.D., Rascher, U. & Temperton, V.M. 2018. Priority effects caused by plant order of arrival affect below-ground productivity. Journal of Ecology 106: 774–780. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12829.
  • Werner, C., Zumkier, U., Beyschlag, W. & Máguas, C. 2010. High competitiveness of a resource demanding invasive acacia under low resource supply. Plant Ecology 206: 83–96.
  • Wilcove, D.S., Rothstein, D., Dubow, J., Phillips, A. & Losos, E. 1998. Quantifying Threats to Imperiled Species in the United States. Assessing the relative importance of habitat destruction, alien species, pollution, overexploitation, and disease. BioScience 48: 607–615.
  • Yelenik, S.G., Stock, W.D. & Richardson, D.M. 2004. Ecosystem level impacts of invasive Acacia saligna in the South African fynbos. Restoration Ecology 12: 44–51.
  • Yelenik, S.G., Stock, W.D. & Richardson, D.M. 2007. Functional group identity does not predict invader impacts: differential effects of nitrogen-fixing exotic plants on ecosystem function. Biological Invasions 9: 117–125.
  • Zahawi, R.A. & Augspurger, C.K. 2006. Tropical forest restoration: tree islands as recruitment foci in degraded lands of Honduras. Ecological Applications 16: 464–478.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.