Strategies developed by bacteria and virus for protection from the human complement system

References

• Walport MJ. Complement. Part II. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1140–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walport MJ. Complement. Part I. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1058–66.
   Google Scholar
• Boes M. Role of natural and immune IgM antibodies in immune responses. Mol Immunol 2000; 37: 1141–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearon DT, Locksley RM. The instructive role of innate immunity in the acquired immune response. Science 1996; 272: 50–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkitadze MD, Barlow PN. Structure and flex-ibility of the multiple domain proteins that regulate complement activation. Immunol Rev 2001; 180: 146–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow PN, Steinkasserer A, Norman DG, Kieffer B, Wiles AP, Sim RB, Campbell ID. Solution structure of a pair of complement modules by nuclear magnetic resonance. J Mol Biol 1993; 232: 268–84.
   Google Scholar
• Smith SA, Krishnasamy G, Murthy KH, Cooper A, Bromek K, Barlow PN, Kotwal GJ. Vaccinia virus complement control protein is monomeric, and retains structural and functional integrity after exposure to adverse conditions. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002; 1598: 55–64.
   Google Scholar
• Kask L, Villoutreix BO, Steen M, Ramesh B, Dahlback B, Blom AM. Structural stability and heat-induced conformational change of two com-plement inhibitors: C4b-binding protein and factor H. Protein Sci 2004; 13: 1356–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hourcade D, Garcia AD, Post TW, Taillon Miller P, Holers VM, Wagner LM, Bora NS, Atkinson JP. Analysis of the human regulators of comple-ment activation (RCA) gene cluster with yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs). Genomics 1992; 12: 289–300.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan BP, Walport MJ. Complement deficiency and disease. Immunol Today 1991; 12: 301–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Webb JH, Blom AM, Dahlbäck B. Vitamin K-dependent protein S localizing complement regulator C4b-binding protein to the surface of apoptotic cells. J Immunol 2002; 169: 2580–6.
   Google Scholar
• Brodeur S, Angelini F, Bacharier LB, Blom AM, Mizoguchi E, Fujiwara H, Dahlbäck B, Plebani A, Tsitsikov E, Geha RS. C4b-binding protein (C4BP) activates B cells through the CD40 Receptor. Immunity 2003; 18: 837–48.
   Google Scholar
• Trapp RG, Fletcher M, Forristal J, West CD. C4 binding protein deficiency in a patient with atypical Behcet's disease. J Rheumatol 1987; 14: 135–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kask L, Hillarp A, Ramesh B, Dahlbäck B, Blom AM. Structural requirements for the intra-cellular subunit polymerization of the complement inhi-bitor C4b-binding protein. Biochemistry 2002; 41: 9349— 57.
   Google Scholar
• Blom AM, Kask L, Dahlbäck B. Structural requirements for the complement regulatory activ-ities of C4BP. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 27136–44.
   Google Scholar
• Webb JH, Villoutreix BO, Dahlback B, Blom AM. Localization of a hydrophobic binding site for anticoagulant protein S on the beta -chain of complement regulator C4b-binding protein. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 4330–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancefield RC. Current knowledge of type-specific M antigens of group A streptococci. J Immunol 1962; 89: 307–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischetti VA. Streptococcal M protein: molecular design and biological behavior. Clin Microbiol Rev 1989; 2: 285–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frithz E, Heden LO, Lindahl G. Extensive sequence homology between IgA receptor and M proteins in Streptococcus pyogenes. Mol Micro-biol 1989; 3: 1111–9.
   Google Scholar
• Heath DG, Cleary PP. Fc-receptor and M-protein genes of group A streptococci are products of gene duplication. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 4741–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnsson E, Andresson G, Lindahl G, Heden LO. Identification of the IgA-binding region in Strep-tococcal protein Arp. J Immunol 1994; 153: 3557 — 64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenberg L, O'Toole PW, Mestecky J, Lindahl G. Molecular characterization of protein Sir, a streptococcal cell surface protein that binds both immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 13458–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotarsky H, Hellwage J, Johnsson E, Skerka C, Svensson HG, Lindahl G, Sjobring U, Zipfel PF. Identification of a domain in human factor H and factor H-like protein-1 required for the interaction with streptococcal M proteins. J Immunol 1998; 160: 3349–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katerov V, Andreev A, Schalen C, Totolian AA. Protein F, a fibronectin-binding protein of Strep-tococcus pyogenes, also binds human fibrinogen: isolation of the protein and mapping of the binding region. Part I. Microbiology 1998; 144: 119— 26.
   Google Scholar
• Frick IM, Akesson P, Cooney J, Sjobring U, Schmidt KH, Gomi H, Hattori S, Tagawa C, Kishimoto F, Bjorck L. Protein H—a surface protein of Streptococcus pyogenes with separate binding sites for IgG and albumin. Mol Microbiol 1994; 12: 143–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Them A, Stenberg L, Dahlbäck B, Lindahl G. Ig-binding surface proteins of Streptococcus pyo-genes also bind human C4b-binding protein (C4BP), a regulatory component of the comple-ment system. J Immunol 1995; 154: 375–86.
   Google Scholar
• Johnsson E, Them A, Dahlbäck B, Heden LO, Wikstr6m M, Lindahl G. A highly variable region in members of the streptococcal M protein family binds the human complement regulator C4BP. J Immunol 1996; 157: 3021–9.
   Google Scholar
• Accardo P, Sanchez Corral P, Criado O, Garcia E, Rodriguez de Cordoba S. Binding of human complement component C4b-binding protein (C4BP) to Streptococcus pyogenes involves the C4b-binding site. J Immunol 1996; 157: 4935–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blom AM, Berggard K, Webb JH, Lindahl G, Villoutreix BO, Dahlbäck B. Human C4b-binding protein has overlapping but not identical binding sites for C4b and streptococcal M proteins. J Immunol 2000; 164: 5328–36.
   Google Scholar
• Blom AM, Webb J, Villoutreix BO, Dahlbäck B. A cluster of positively charged amino acids in the N-terminal modules of the C4BP a-chain is crucial for C4b binding and factor I cofactor function. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 19237–45.
   Google Scholar
• Akerstrom B, Lindqvist A, Lindahl G. Binding properties of protein Arp, a bacterial IgA-receptor. Mol Immunol 1991; 28: 349–57.
   Google Scholar
• Morfeldt E, Berggard K, Persson J, Drakenberg T, Johnsson E, Lindahl E, Linse S, Lindahl G. Isolated hypervariable regions derived from strep-tococcal M proteins specifically bind human C4b-binding protein: implications for antigenic varia-tion. J Immunol 2001; 167: 3870–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsson F, Berggard K, Stalhammar-Carlemalm M, Lindahl G. Evasion of phagocytosis through cooperation between two ligand-binding regions in Streptococcus pyogenes M protein. J Exp Med 2003; 198: 1057–68.
   Google Scholar
• Berggard K, Johnsson E, Mooi FR, Lindahl G. Bordetella pertussis binds the human complement regulator C4BP: role of filamentous hemaggluti-nin. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 3638–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berggard K, Lindahl G, Dahlbäck B, Blom AM. Bordetella pertussis binds to human C4b-binding protein (C4BP) at a site similar to that used by the natural ligand C4b. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31: 2771–80.
   Google Scholar
• Blom AM, Foltyn-Zadura A, Villoutreix BO, Dahlbäck B. Positively charged amino acids at the interface between a-chain CCP1 and CCP2 of C4BP are required for regulation of the classical C3-convertase. Mol Immunol 2000; 37: 445–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ram S, Sharma AK, Simpson SD, Gulati S, McQuillen DP, Pangbum MK, Rice PA. A novel sialic acid binding site on factor H mediates serum resistance of sialylated Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Exp Med 1998; 187: 743–52.
   Google Scholar
• Ram S, McQuillen DP, Gulati S, Elkins C, Pangbum MK, Rice PA. Binding of complement factor H to loop 5 of porin protein 1A: a molecular mechanism of serum resistance of nonsialylated Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Exp Med 1998; 4: 671–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ram S, Cullinane M, Blom AM, Gulati S, McQuillen DP, Monks BG, O'Connell C, Boden R, Elkins C, Pangburn MK, Dahlbäck B, Rice PA. Binding of C4b-binding protein to porin: a molecular mechanism of serum resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Exp Med 2001; 193: 281–96.
   Google Scholar
• Blom AM, Rytkönen A, Vasquez P, Lindahl G, Dahlbäck B, Jonsson A-B. A novel interaction between type IV pili of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the human complement regulator C4b-binding protein. J Immunol 2001; 166: 6764–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellogg DS, Cohen IR, NorMs LC, Schroeter AL, Reising G. Neisseria gonorrhoeae. II. Colonial variation and pathogenicity during 35 months in vitro. J Bacteriol 1968; 96: 596–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson J, Robbins K, Barrera 0, Corwin D, Boslego J, Ciak J, Blake M, Koomey JM. Gonococcal pilin variants in experimental gonor-rhea. J Exp Med 1987; 165: 1344–57.
   Google Scholar
• Jonsson A-B, Nyberg G, Normark S. Phase variation of gonococcal pili by frameshift muta-tion in pi1C, a novel gene for pilus assembly. EMBO J 1991; 10: 477–88.
   Google Scholar
• Jonsson A-B, Pfeifer J, Normark S. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Pi1C expression provides a selective mechanism for structural diversity of pili. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 3204–8.
   Google Scholar
• Källstrom H, Liszewski MK, Atkinson JP, Jonsson A-B. Membrane cofactor protein (MCP or CD46) is a cellular pilus receptor for pathogenic Neisseria. Mol Microbiol 1997; 25: 639–47.
   Google Scholar
• Kim KS, Itabashi H, Gemski P, Sadoff J, Warren RL, Cross AS. The K1 capsule is the critical determinant in the development of Escherichia coli meningitis in the rat. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 897–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiser JN, Gotschlich EC. Outer membrane protein A (OmpA) contributes to serum resistance and pathogenicity of Escherichia coli K-1. Infect Immun 1991; 59: 2252–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasadarao NV, Blom AM, Villoutreix BO, Linsangan LC. A novel interaction of outer membrane protein A with C4b-binding protein mediates serum resistance of Escherichia coli Kl. J Immunol 2002; 169: 6352–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaller M, Wenzel R. Impact of the changing epidemiology of fungal infections in the 1990s. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 11: 287–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher-Hoch SP, Hutwagner L. Opportunistic candidiasis: an epidemic of the 1980s. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 897–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Men i T, Hartmann A, Lenk D, Eck R, Wurzner R, Hellwage J, Men i S, Zipfel PF. The yeast Candida albicans binds complement regulators factor H and FHL-1. Infect Immun 2002; 70: 5185–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Men i T, Blom AM, Hartmann A, Lenk D, Men i S, Zipfel PF. The yeast and hyphal forms of Candida albicans bind complement regulator C4b-binding protein. 2004; submitted.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy TF. Branhamella catarrhalis: epidemiol-ogy, surface antigenic structure, and immune response. Microbiol Rev 1996; 60: 267–79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nordstrom T, Blom AM, Forsgren A K. R. The emerging pathogen Moraxella catarrhalis interacts with complement inhibitor C4b-binding protein through ubiquitous surface proteins Al and A2. 2004; submitted.
   Google Scholar
• McMichael JC, Fiske MJ, Fredenburg RA, Chakravarti DN, VanDerMeid KR, Bamiak V, Caplan J, Bortell E, Baker S, Arumugham R, Chen D. Isolation and characterization of two proteins from Moraxella catarrhalis that bear a common epitope. Infect Immun 1998; 66: 4374–81.
   Google Scholar
• Spiller OB, Morgan BP, Tufaro F, Devine DV. Altered expression of host-encoded complement regulators on human cytomegalovirus-infected cells. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26: 1532–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montefiori DC, Cornell RJ, Zhou JY, Zhou JT, Hirsch VM, Johnson PR. Complement control proteins, CD46, CD55, and CD59, as common surface constituents of human and simian immuno-deficiency viruses and possible targets for vaccine protection. Virology 1994; 205: 82–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderplasschen A, Mathew E, Hollinshead M, Sim RB, Smith GL. Extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus is resistant to complement because of incorporation of host complement control proteins into its envelope. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 7544–9.
   Google Scholar
• Stoiber H, Schneider R, Janatova J, Dierich MP. Human complement proteins C3b, C4b, factor H and properdin react with specific sites in gp120 and gp41, the envelope proteins of HIV-1. Immunobiology 1995; 193: 98–U3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubinski J, Wang L, Mastellos D, Sahu A, Lambris JD, Friedman HM. In vivo role of complement-interacting domains of herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein gC. J Exp Med 1999; 190: 1637–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rother RP, Rollins SA, Fodor WL, Albrecht JC, Setter E, Fleckenstein B, Squinto SP. Inhibition of complement-mediated cytolysis by the terminal complement inhibitor of herpesvirus saimiri. J Virol 1994; 68: 730–7.
   Google Scholar
• Albrecht JC, Fleckenstein B. New member of the multigene family of complement control proteins in herpesvirus saimiri. J Virol 1992; 66: 3937–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapadia SB, Molina H, van Berkel V, Speck SH, Virgin HWt. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 encodes a functional regulator of complement activation. J Virol 1999; 73: 7658–70.
   Google Scholar
• Kapadia SB, Levine B, Speck SH, Virgin HW. Critical role of complement and viral evasion of complement in acute, persistent, and latent g-herpesvirus infection. Immunity 2002; 17: 143–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo JJ, Bohenzky RA, Chien MC, Chen J, Yan M, Maddalena D, Parry JP, Peruzzi D, Edelman IS, Chang Y, Moore PS. Nucleotide sequence of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV8). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 14862–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiller BO, Robinson M, O'Donnell E, Milligan S, Morgan PB, Davison AJ, Blackboum DJ. Complement regulation by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Virol 2003; 77: 592–9.
   Google Scholar
• Spiller BO, Blackboume D, Mark L, Proctor D, Blom AM. Functional activity of the complement regulator encoded by Kaposis's sarcoma asso-ciated herpesvirus. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 9283–9.
   Google Scholar
• Blom AM, Kask L, Ramesh B, Hillarp A. Regulation of factor I cofactor activity of C4b-protein and factor H by zinc. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 418: 108–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isenman DE, Kells DIC, Cooper NR, Muller-Eberhard HJ, Pangbum MK. Nucleophilic mod-ification of human complement protein C3: correlation of conformational changes with acquisition of C3b-like functional properties. Biochemistry 1981; 20: 4458–67.
   Google Scholar
• Isenman DE. Conformational changes accompa-nying proteolytic cleavage of human complement protein C3b by the regulatory enzyme Factor I and its cofactor H. J Biol Chem 1983; 258: 4238–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andonova M, Borissov I, Sotirov L. Changes in some factors of the innate immunity and serum zinc and iron concentrations in pigs following intravenous administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2001; 68: 91–9.
   Google Scholar
• Dalekos GN, Ringstad J, Savaidis I, Seferiadis KI, Tsianos EV. Zinc, copper and immunological markers in the circulation of well nourished patients with ulcerative collitis. Eur J Gastroent Hepat 1998; 10: 331–7.
   Google Scholar
• Kolb H, Kolb-Bachofen V. Nitric oxide in autoimmune disease: cytotoxic or regulatory mediator? Immunol Today 1998; 19: 556–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gorodetzky R, Mou X, Blankenfeld A, Marx G. Platelet multielemental composition, lability, and subcellular localization. Am J Hematol 1993; 42: 278— 83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush Al, Pettingell WH, Paradis M, Tanzi RE. Modulation of Ab adhesiveness and secretase site cleavage by zinc. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 12152–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chia SE, Ong CN, Chua LH, Ho LM, Tay SK. Comparison of zinc concentrations in blood and seminal plasma and the various sperm parameters between fertile and infertile men. J Androl 2000; 21: 53–7.
   Google Scholar
• Brodbeck WG, Liu D, Sperry J, Mold C, Medof ME. Localization of classical and alternative pathway regulatory activity within the decay accelerating factor. J Immunol 1996; 156: 2528–33.
   Google Scholar
• Adams EM, Brown MC, Nunge M, Krych M, Atkinson JP J Immunol 1991; 147: 3005–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwata K, Seya T, Yanagi Y, Pesando Jm, Johnson PM, Okabe M, Ueda S, Ariga H, Nagasawa S. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 15148–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsenz J, Lambris JD, Schulz TF, Dierich MP Localization of the complement-component-C3b-binding site and the cofactor activity for factor I in the 38kDa tryptic fragment of factor H. Biochem J 1984; 224: 389–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon DL, Kaufman RM, Blackmore TK, Kwong J, Lublin DM. Identification of comple-ment regulatory domains in human factor H. J Immunol 1995; 155: 348–56.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn S, Skerka C, Zipfel PF. Mapping of the complement regulatory domains in the human factor H-like protein 1 and in factor Hi. J Immunol 1995; 155: 5663–70.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn S, Zipfel PF. Mapping of the domains required for decay acceleration activity of the human factor H-like protein 1 and factor H. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26: 2383–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jokiranta TS, Hellwage J, Koistinen V, Zipfel PF, Men i S. Each of the three binding sites on complement factor H interacts with a distinct site on C3b. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 27657–62.
   Google Scholar
• Klickstein LB, Bartow TJ, Miletic V, Rabson LD, Smith JA, Fearon DT. Identification of distinct C3b and C4b recognition sites in the human C3b/ C4b receptor (CR1, CD35) by deletion muta-genesis. J Exp Med 1988; 168: 1699–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krych M, Hourcade D, Atkinson JP. Sites within the complement C3b/C4b receptor important for the specificity of ligand binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 4353–7.
   Google Scholar
• Krych M, Clemenza L, Howdeshell D, Hauhart R, Hourcade D, Atkinson JP. Analysis of the functional domains of complement receptor type 1 (C3b/C4b receptor; CD35) by substitution mutagenesis. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 13273–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krych M, Hauhart R, Atkinson JP. Structure-function analysis of the active sites of complement receptor type 1. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 8623–9.
   Google Scholar
• Blom AM, Kask L, Dahlbäck B. CCP1-4 of the C4b-binding protein a-chain are required for Factor I mediated cleavage of C3b. Mol Immunol 2003; 39: 547–56.
   Google Scholar
• Johnsson E, Them A, Dahlbäck B, Heden LO, Wikström M, Lindahl G. Human C4BP binds to the hypervariable N-terminal region of many members in the streptococcal M protein family. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997; 418: 505–10.
   Google Scholar
• Blom AM, Villoutreix BO, Dahlbäck B. Comple-ment inhibitor C4b-binding protein—friend or foe in the innate immune system? Mol Immunol 2004; 40: 1333–46.
   Google Scholar