References
- White WI. A new look at the role of urinalysis in the history of diagnostic medicine. Clin Chem 1991;37:119–25.
- Graham JC, Galloway A. ACP best practice No.167: the laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infection. J Clin Pathol 2001;54: 911–9.
- Wilson ML, Gaido L. Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections in adult patients. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:1150–8.
- Pouchot J, Launay I, Cahen P, Boussougant Y, Vinceneux P. Significance of crystal clear urine. Lancet 1990;336:320–1.
- Phillips G, Fleming LW, Khan I, Stewart WK. Urine transparency as an index of absence of infection. Br J Urol 1992;70:191–5.
- Bulloch B, Bausher JC, Pomerantz WJ, Connors JM, Mahabee-Gittens M, Dowd MD. Can urine clarity exclude the diagnosis of urinary tract infection? Pediatrics 2000;106:E60.
- Bolann B, Sandberg S, Digranes A. Implications of probability analysis for interpreting results of leukocyte esterase and nitrite test strips. Clin Chem 1989;35:1663–8.
- Van Nostrand JD, Junkins AD, Bartholdi RK. Poor predictive ability of urinalysis and microscopic examination to detect urinary tract infection. Am J Clin Pathol 2000;113:709–13.
- Kouri T, Fogazzi G, Gant V, Hallander H, Hofmann W, Guder WG. European urinalysis guidelines. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2000;60 Suppl 231: 1–96.
- Bent S, Saint S. The optimal use of diagnostic testing in women with acute uncomplicated cystitis. Am J Med 2002;113 Suppl 1A: 20S–8S.
- Gadeholt H. Quantitative estimation of cells in urine. An evaluation of the Addis count. Acta Med Scand 1968;183:369–74.
- Gadeholt H. Quantitative estimation of urinary sediment, with special regard to sources of error. Br Med J 1964;1:1547–9.
- Hiraoka M, Hida Y, Tuchida S, Tsukahara H, Yamashita M, Kuroda M, et al. Diagnosis of urinary tract infection by urine microscopy using a disposable counting chamber. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1993;53:705–9.
- Smith P, Morris A, Reller LB. Predicting urine culture results by dipstick testing and phase contrast microscopy. Pathology 2003;35:161–5.
- Delanghe JR, Kouri TT, Huber AR, Hannemann-Pohl K, Guder WG, Lun A, et al. The role of automated urine particle flow cytometry in clinical practice. Clin Chim Acta 2000;301:1–18.
- Bolann BJ, Thue G, Sandberg S. Urine analysis and decision-making on cystitis in general practice. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2004;64:729–36.
- Jenkins RD, Fenn JP, Matsen JM. Review of urine microscopy for bacteriuria. JANIA 1986;255:3397–403.
- Hiraoka M, Hida Y, Mori Y, Tsukahara H, Ohshima Y, Yoshida H, et al. Quantitative unspun-urine microscopy as a quick, reliable examination for bacteriuria. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2005;65:125–32.
- Pugia MJ, Sommer RG, Kuo HH, Corey PF, Gopual DL, Lou JA. Near-patient testing for infection using urinalysis and immunochromatography strips. Clin Chem Lab Med 2004;42:340–6.
- Imren-Eryilmaz E, Kuzu-Karsilayan H, Ogan A. Spectrophotometric determination of leukocytes in urine. J Clin Lab Anal 2004;18:251–4.