References
- Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65:87–108.
- Zhang J, Ma M, Nan X, et al. Obesity inversely correlates with prostate-specific antigen levels in a population with normal screening results of prostate cancer in northwestern China. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2016;49(8):e5272.
- American Urological Association. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) best practice policy. Oncology. 2000;14:267–272.
- Harrison S, Tilling K, Turner EL, et al. Investigating the prostate specific antigen, body mass index and age relationship: is an age–BMI-adjusted PSA model clinically useful? Cancer Causes Control. 2016;27:1465–1474.
- Chia SE, Lau WK, Cheng C, et al. Prostate-specific antigen levels among Chinese, Malays and Indians in Singapore from a community-based study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2007;8(3):375–378.
- Helfand BT, Loeb S, Hu Q, et al. Personalized prostate specific antigen testing using genetic variants may reduce unnecessary prostate biopsies. J Urol. 2013;189(5):1697–1701.
- Burton AJ, Martin RM, Donovan JL, et al. Associations of lifestyle factors and anthropometric measures with repeat PSA levels during active surveillance/monitoring. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2012;21(10):1877–1885.
- Rundle A, Wang Y, Sadasivan S, et al. Larger men have larger prostates: detection bias in epidemiologic studies of obesity and prostate cancer risk. Prostate. 2017;77(9):949–954.
- Aref AT, Vincent AD, O’Callaghan ME, et al. The inverse relationship between prostate specific antigen (PSA) and obesity. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2018;25(11):933–941.
- Wright JL, Lin DW, Stanford JL. The effect of demographic and clinical factors on the relationship between BMI and PSA levels. Prostate. 2011;71(15):1631–1637.
- Jacques B, Pollock BH, Kristal AR, et al. The association of body mass index and prostate-specific antigen in a population-based study. Cancer. 2005;103:1092–1095.
- Barqawi AB, Golden BK, O’Donnell C, et al. Observed effect of age and body mass index on total and complexed PSA: analysis from a national screening program. Urology. 2005;65(4):708–712.
- Rosa N, Andrea V, Mariely N, et al. Body mass index affects the diagnosis and progression of prostate cancer in Hispanics. Ethn Dis. 2010;20:168–172.
- WHO consultation. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. WHO Technical Report. 2000. 894: p. 1–253.
- WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004;363(9403):157–163.
- Kubota Y, Seike K, Maeda S, et al. Relationship between prostate-specific antigen and obesity in prostate cancer screening: analysis of a large cohort in Japan. Int J Urol. 2011;18(1):72–75.
- Ando R, Nagaya TY, Suzuki S, et al. Inverse relationship between obesity and serum prostate-specific antigen level in healthy Japanese men: a hospital-based cross-sectional survey, 2004–2006. Urology. 2008;72(3):561–565.
- Fowke JH, Matthews CE. PSA and body composition by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in NHANES. Prostate. 2010;70(2):120–125.
- Skolarus TA, Wolin KY, Grubb RL. The effect of body mass index on PSA levels and the development, screening and treatment of prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 2007;4(11):605–614.
- Young CY, Montgomery BT, Andrews PE, et al. Hormonal regulation of prostate-specific antigen messenger RNA in human prostatic adenocarcinoma cell line LNCaP. Cancer Res. 1991;51(14):3748–3752.
- Klaassen Z, Howard LE, Moreira DM, et al. Association of obesity-related hemodilution of prostate-specific antigen, dihydrotestosterone, and testosterone. Prostate. 2017;77(5):466–470.
- Daniel Z, Howard LE, Allott EH, et al. Is PSA related to serum cholesterol and does the relationship differ between black and white men? Prostate. 2015;75:1877–1885.
- Zhao S, Xia M, Tang J, et al. The actual lowering effect of metabolic syndrome on serum prostate-specific antigen levels is partly concealed by enlarged prostate: results from a large-scale population-based study. BJU Int. 2017;120(4):482–489.