- Jones R, Lydeard S. Prevalence of symptoms of dyspepsia in the community. BMJ 1989;298:30-2.
- Drossman D, Li Z, Andruzzi E, et al. US householder survey of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:1596-80.
- Smith R, Greenbaum D, Vancouver J, et al. Psychosocial factors are associated with health care seeking rather than diagnosis in irritable bowel syndrome Gastroenterology 1990;98:269-301.
- Talley NJ, Zinsmeister AR, Schleck CD. Dyspepsia and dyspepsia subgroups: a population-based study. Gastroenterology 1992;102:1259-68.
- Talley N. Scope of the problem of functional digestive disorders. Eur J Surg 1998; Suppl 582:35-41.
- Svedlund J, Sjødin I, Dotevall G, et al. Upper gastrointestinal and mental symptoms in the irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol 1983;20:595-601.
- Magni G, Di Mario F, Bernasconi G, et al. DSM-III diagnoses associated with dyspepsia of unknown cause. Am J Psychiatry 1987;144:122-3.
- Langeluddecke P, Goulston K, Tennant C. Psychological factors in dyspepsia of unknown cause: a comparison with peptic ulcer disease. J Psychosom Res 1990;34:215-22.
- Blanchard EB, Scharff L, Schwartz SP, et al. The role of anxiety and depression in the irritable bowel syndrome. Behav Res Ther 1990;28:401-5.
- Whitehead WE, Crowell MD, Heller BR. Effects of stressful life-events on bowel symptoms: subjects with irritable bowel syndrome compared with subjects without bowel dysfunction. Gut 1992;33:825-30.
- Haug TT, Svebak S, Wilhelmsen I, et al. Psychological factors and somatic symptoms in functional dyspepsia. A comparison with duodenal ulcer and healthy controls. J Psychosom Res 1994;38:281-91.
- Wilhelmsen I, Haug TT, Ursin H, et al. Discriminant analysis of factors distinguishing patients with functional dyspepsia form patients with duodenal ulcer. Significance of somatization. Dig Dis Sci 1995;40:819-27.
- Talley NJ, Zinsmeister AR, Schleck CD. Dyspepsia and dyspepsia subgroups: a population-based study. Gastroenterology 1992;102:1259-68.
- Walker E, Katon W, Jemelka R, et al. Comorbidity of gastrointestinal complaints, depression and anxiety in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study. Am J Med 1992;92 Supl IA:26-30.
- Agreus L, Svardsudd, Nyren O, et al. Irritable bowel syndrome and dyspepsia in the general population: overlap and lack of stability over time. Gastroenterology 1995;109:671-80.
- Hochstrasser B, Angst J. The Zurich Study XXII. Epidemiology of gastrointestinal complaints and comorbidity with anxiety and depression. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1996;246:261-72.
- Herschbach P, Gerhard H, von Rad M. Psychological factors in functional gastrointestinal disorders: characteristic of the disorder or of the illness behavior? Psychosom Med 1999;61:148-52.
- Thompson WG, Heaton KW. Functional bowel disorders in apparently healthy people. Gastroenterology 1980;79:283-8.
- Heaton K, O'Donnell L, Braddon F, et al. Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a British urban community: consulters and nonconsulters. Gastroenterology 1992;102:1962-7.
- Drossman D, McKee D, Sandler R, et al. Psychosocial factors in the irritable bowel syndrome. A multivariate study of patients and nonpatients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1988;95:701-8.
- Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983;67:361-70.
- Herrmann C. International experiences with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale--a review of validation data and clinical results. J Psychosom Res 1997;42:17-41.
- Mykletun A, Stordal E, Dahl AA. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): Factor structure, item analysis, and internal consistency in a large population. BJP 2001.
- Kessler RC, Nelson CB, McConagle KA, et al. Lifetime and 12 month prevalence of DSM-IIIR psychiatric disorders in the united States: result from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:8-19.
- Sandler R. Epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome in the United States. Gastroenterology 1990;99:409-15.
- Drossman D, Li Z, Andruzzi E, et al. US householder survey of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:1569-80.
- Jones R, Lyderad s. Prevalence of symptoms of dyspepsia in the community. BMJ 1989;289:30-2.
- Dammen T, Arnesen H, Ekeberg O, Husebye T, Friis S. Panic disorder in chest pain patients referred for cardiological outpatient investigation. J Int Med 1999;245:497-507.
- Chang L. Association of functional gastrointestinal disorder and fibromyalgia. Eur J Sug 1998;583:32-36.
- Anderson I, Nutt DJ, Deakin JWF. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 1993 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol 2000;14:3-20.
- Munneangi S, Sonnenberg A. Time trends for physician visits and treatment patterns of peptic ulcer disease in the United States. Arch Int Med 1998;157:1498-9.
Are Anxiety and Depression Related to Gastrointestinal Symptoms in the General Population?
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.