Endogenous heparin‐like activity detected by anti‐Xa assay in infected cirrhotic and non‐cirrhotic patients

References

• Borzio M, Salerno F, Piantoni L, et al. Bacterial infection in patients with advanced cirrhosis: a multicenter prospective study. Dig Liver Dis 2001;33:41–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernard B, Cadranel JF, Valla D, Escolano S, Jarlier V, Opolon P. Prognostic significance of bacterial infection in bleeding cirrhotic patients: a prospective study. Gastroenterology 1995; 108:1828–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chau TN, Chan YW, Patch D, Tokunaga S, Greenslade L, Burroughs AK. Thrombelastographic changes and early rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding. Gut 1998;43:267–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goulis J, Armonis A, Patch D, Sabin C, Greenslade L, Burroughs AK. Bacterial infection is independently associated with failure to control bleeding in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal hemorrage. Hepatology 1998;27:1207–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akriviadis EA, McHutchison JG, Runyon BA. The impact of spontaneous ascitic fluid infection on renal function and coagulopathy. Hepatology 1997;26:288A.
   Google Scholar
• Papatheodoridis GV, Patch D, Webster GJM, Brooker J, Barnes E, Burroughs AK. Infection and hemostasis in decompensated cirrhosis: a prospective study using thrombelastography. Hepatology 1999;29:1085–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goulis J, Patch D, Burroughs AK. Bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of variceal bleeding. Lancet 1999;353:139–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou MC, Lin HC, Lee FY, et al. Prophylactic antibiotic prevents rebleeding in patients with acute gastroesophageal varicealbleeding following endoscopic treatment: a randomized trial. Hepatology 2003;38:292A.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montalto P, Vlachogiannakos J, Cox DJ, Pastacaldi S, Patch D, Burroughs AK. Bacterial infection in cirrhosis impair coagulation by a heparin effect: a prospective study. J Hepatol 2002;37: 463–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohse DL, Linhardt RJ. Purification and characterization of heparin lyases from Flavobacterium heparinum. J Biol Chem 1992;267:24347–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su H, Blain F, Musil RA, Zimmermann JJ, Gu K, Bennett DC. Isolation and expression in Escherichia coli of hepB and hepC, genes coding for the glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzymes heparinase II and heparinase III, respectively, from Flavobacterium heparinum. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996;62:2723–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang VC, Linhardt RJ, Bernstein H, Cooney CL, Langer R. Purification and characterization of heparinase from Flavobacterium heparinum. J Biol Chem 1985;260:1849–57.
   Google Scholar
• Lamari FN, Militsopoulou M, Mitropoulou TN, Hjerpe A, Karamanos NK. Analysis of glycosaminoglycan-derived disaccharides in biologic samples by capillary electrophoresis and protocol for sequencing glycosaminoglycans. Biomed Chromatogr 2002;16:95–102.
   Google Scholar
• Ruggiero M, Melli M, Parma B, Bianchini P, Vannucchi S. Isolation of endogenous anticoagulant N-sulfated glycosaminoglycans in human plasma from healthy subjects. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 2002;32:44–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cavari S, Stramaccia L, Vannucchi S. Endogenous heparinase-sensitive anticoagulant activity in human plasma. Thromb Res 1992;67:157–65.
   Google Scholar
• Marcum JA, Rosenberg RD. Anticoagulantly active heparin-like molecules from vascular tissue. Biochemistry 1984;23:1730–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavari S, Vannucchi S. Glycosaminoglycans exposed on the endothelial cell surface. Binding of heparin-like molecules derived from serum. FEBS Lett 1993;323:155–8.
   Google Scholar
• McCarty MF. Glucosamine may retard atherogenesis by promoting endothelial production of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Med Hypotheses 1997;48:245–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosemberg RD, Bauer KA. The heparin-antithrombin system: a natural anticoagulant mechanism. In: Coleman RW, Hirsh J, Marder VJ, editors. Hemostasis and thrombosis. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott; 1994. p. 837–60.
   Google Scholar
• Mammen EF. Glycsaminoglycans: anticoagulant and nonanticoagulant actions. Semin Thromb Hemost 2002;28:323–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding SA, Mallett SV, Peachey TD, Cox DJ. Use of heparinase modified thromboelastography in liver transplantation. Br J Anaesth 1997;78:175–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker CM, Stibbe J, Gomes MJ, Groenland TN, Metselaar HJ, Hesselink EJ. The appearance of donor heparin in the recipient after reperfusion of a liver graft. Transplantation 1993;56:327–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kettner SC, Gonano C, Seebach F, et al. Endogenous heparinlike substances significantly impair coagulation in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. Anesth Analg 1998;86:691–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee RF, Hodson S, Dawes J, Garden OJ, Carter DC. Plasma concentrations ofendogenous heparinoids in portal hypertension. Gut 1992;33:1549–52.
   Google Scholar
• Tefferi A, Nichols WL, Bowie EJW. Circulating heparin-like anticoagulants: report of five consecutive cases and a review. Am J Med 1990;88:184–8.
   Google Scholar
• Wages DS, Staprans I, Hambleton J, Bass NM, Corash L. Structural characterization and functional effects of a circulating heparan sulfate in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Hematol 1998;58:285–92.
   Google Scholar
• Khoory MS, Nesheim ME, Bowie EJ, Mann KJ. Circulating heparan sulfate proteoglycan anticoagulant from a patient with a plasma cell disorder. J Clin Invest 1980;65:666–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer RN, Rick ME, Rick PD, Zeller JA, Gralnick HR. Circulating heparan sulfate anticoagulant in a patient with a fatal bleeding disorder. N Engl J Med 1984;310:1696–9.
   Google Scholar
• Tefferi A, Owen BA, Nichols WL, Witzig TE, Owen WG. Isolation of a heparin-like anticoagulant from the plasma of a patient with metastatic bladder carcinoma. Blood 1989;74:252–4.
   Google Scholar
• Horne MK, Stein CA, LaRocca RV, Myers CE. Circulating glycosaminoglycan anticoagulants associated with suramin treatment. Blood 1988;71:273–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teien AN, Lie M, Abildgaard U. Assay of heparin in plasma using a chromogenic substrate for activated factor X. Thromb Res 1976;8:413–6.
   Google Scholar
• Teien AN, Lie M. Evaluation of an amidolytic heparin assay method: increased sensitivity by adding purified antithrombin III. Thromb Res 1977;10:399–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zmuda K, Neofotistos D, Tsao CH. Effects of unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, and heparinoid on thromboelastographic assay of blood coagulation. Am J Clin Pathol 2000;113:725–31.
   Google Scholar
• Coppell JA, Riddell A, White B, Perry DJ. P-20 demonstration of the sensitivity of thromboelastography for detecting the presence of heparins and heparinoids. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2001;12: A21.
   Google Scholar
• Jones GR. Assessment criteria in identifying the sick sepsis patient. J Infect 1998;37 Suppl 1:24–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancuso A, Fung K, Cox D, Mela M, Patch D, Burroughs AK. Assessment of blood coagulation in severe liver disease using thromboelastography: use of citrate storage versus native blood. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2003;14:211–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Procidano M, Martino R, Da Rin G, Saltarin P, Girolami A. A statistical analysis of some thromboelastographic parameters in normal subjects. Folia Haematol Int Mag Klin Morphol Blutforsch 1983;110:602–6.
   Google Scholar
• Klein SM, Slaughter TF, Vail PT, Ginsberg B, El-Moalem HE, Alexander R. Thromboelastography as a perioperative measure of anticoagulation resulting from low molecular weight heparin: a comparison with anti-Xa concentrations. Anesth Analg 2000; 91:1091–5.
   Google Scholar
• Ewe K. Bleeding after liver biopsy does not correlate with indices of peripheral coagulation. Dig Dis Sci 1981;26:388–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teien AN. Heparin elimination in patients with liver cirrhosis. Thromb Haemost 1977;38:701–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr R, Newsome P, Germain L, Thomson E, Dawson P, Stirling D, et al. Effects of acute liver injury on blood coagulation. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1:754–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moncada S, Higgs A. The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway. N Engl J Med 1993;329:2002–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guarner C, Soriano G, Tomas A, Bulbena O, Novella MT, Balanzo J. Increased serum nitrite and nitrate levels in patients with cirrhosis: relationship to endotoxemia. Hepatology 1993;18: 1139–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen VG. Nitric oxide decreases coagulation protein function in rabbits as assessed by thromboelastography. Anesth Analg 2001;92:320–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhainaut JF, Marin N, Mignon A, Vinsonneau C. Hepatic response to sepsis: interaction between coagulation and inflammatory processes. Crit Care Med 2001;29 Suppl:S42–7.
   Google Scholar
• Murata K, Akashio K, Ochiai Y. Changes in acidic glycosaminoglycan components at different stages ofhuman liver cirrhosis. Hepatogastroenterology 1984;31:261–5.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss SJ. Tissue destruction by neutrophils. N Engl J Med 1989; 320:365–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ofosu FA, Modi GJ, Smith LM, Cerskus Al, Hirsh J, Blajchman MA. Heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate inhibit the generation of thrombin activity in plasma by complementary pathways. Blood 1984;64:742–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar