References
- Munnangi S, Sonnenberg A. Time trends of physician visits and treatment patterns of peptic ulcer disease in the United States. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:1489–94.
- Primatesta P, Goldacre MJ, Seagroatt V. Changing patterns in the epidemiology and hospital care of peptic ulcer. Int J Epidemiol 1994;23:1206–17.
- Bak Andersen I, Bonnevie O, Jørgensen T, Sørensen TIA. Peptic ulcers in Denmark, 1981–1993. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998;33: 260–7.
- Kurata JH, Nogawa AN. Meta-analysis of risk factors for peptic ulcer. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, Helicobacter pylori, and smoking. J Clin Gastroenterol 1997;24: 2–17.
- Ciociola AA, McSorley DJ, Turner K, Sykes D, Palmer JBD. Helicobacter pylori infection rates in duodenal ulcer patients in the United States may be lower than previously estimated. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:1834–40.
- Bytzer P, Teglbjærg PS, the Danish Ulcer Study Group.Helicobacter pylori-negative duodenal ulcers: prevalence, clinical characteristics, and prognosis results from a randomized trial with 2-year follow-up. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96: 1409–16.
- Sonnenberg A, Everhart JE. The prevalence of self-reported peptic ulcer in the United States. Am J Publ Health 1996; 86: 200–5.
- Levenstein S. Peptic ulcer at the end of the 20th century: biological and psychological risk factors. Can J Gastroenterol 1999;13:753–9.
- Graham DY, Malaty HM, Go MF. Are there susceptible hosts to Helicobacter pylori infection? Scand J Gastroenterol 1994;29: 6–10.
- Rosenstock SJ, Andersen LP, Rosenstock C, Bonnevie O, Jørgensen T. Socio-economic factors in Helicobacter pylori infection among Danish adults. Am J Publ Health 1996;86:1539–44.
- Rosenstock SJ, Jørgensen T, Bonnevie O, Andersen LP. Risk factors for peptic ulcer disease: a population based prospective cohort study comprising 2416 Danish adults. Gut 2003;52:186–93.
- Jørgensen T. Prevalence of gallstones in a Danish population. Am J Epidemiol 1987;126:912–21.
- Rosenstock SJ, Jørgensen T. Prevalence and incidence of peptic ulcer disease in a Danish county: a prospective cohort study. Gut 1995;36:819–24.
- Rosenstock SJ, Jørgensen T, Andersen LP, Bonnevie O. Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with lifestyle, chronic disease, body-indices, and age at menarche in Danish adults. Scand J Public Health 2000;28:32–40.
- Andersen LP, Raskov H-H, Elsborg L, Holck S, Justesen T, Hansen BF. Prevalence of antibodies against heat-stable antigens from Helicobacter pylori in patients with dyspeptic symptoms and normal persons. APMIS 1992;100: 779–89.
- Andersen LP, Espersen F, Souckova A, Sedlackova M, Soucek A. Isolation and preliminary evaluation of a low molecular (LMW) antigen preparation for improved detection of Helicobacter pylori IgG antibodies. Clin Diagn Lab Immun 1995;2: 156–9.
- Andersen LP, Kiilerich S, Pedersen G, Thoreson AC, Jørgensen F, Rath J. An analysis of seven different methods to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infections. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998;33: 24–30.
- Hansen H. Living conditions in Denmark. Compendium of statistics. Copenhagen: Danmarks Statistik; 1984.
- Brodman K, Erdman AJ, Lorge I, Wolf HG. The Cornell medical index health questionnaire manual. 1st ed. New York: Cornell University Medical College; 1956.
- Norusis MJ. SPSS for Windows. Advanced Statistics Release 6.0. 1st ed. Chicago: SPSS Inc.; 1993.
- Hennekens CH, Buring JE. Epidemiology in medicine. 1st ed. Boston/Toronto: Little, Brown and Company; 1987.
- Østensen H, Gudmundsen TE, Bolz KD, Burhol PG, Bonnevie O. The incidence of gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer in North Norway. Scand J Gastroenterol 1985;20:189–92.
- Everhart JE, Byrd-Holt D, Sonnenberg A. Incidence and risk factors for self-reported peptic ulcer disease in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:529–36.
- Anda RF, Williamson DF, Escobedo LG, Remington PL, Mast EE, Madans JH. Self-perceived stress and the risk of peptic ulcer disease. A longitudinal study of US adults. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:829–33.
- Hein HO, Suadicani P, Gyntelberg F. Genetic markers for peptic ulcer. A study of3387 men aged 54 to 74 years: the Copenhagen Male Study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997;32: 16–21.
- Johnsen R, Førde OH, Straume G, Burhol PG. Aetiology of peptic ulcer: a prospective population study in Norway. J Epidemiol Community Health 1994;48:156–60.
- Johnsen R, Straume B, Førde OH. Peptic ulcer and non-ulcer dyspepsia: a disease and a disorder. Scand J Prim Health Care 1988;6:239–43.
- Østensen H, Gudmundsen TE, Østensen M, Burhol PG, Bonnevie O. Smoking, alcohol, coffee, and familial factors: any associations with peptic ulcer disease? A clinically and radiologically prospective study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1985;20: 1227–35.
- Brenner H, Rothenbacher D, Bode G, Adler G. The individual and joint contributions of Helicobacter pylori infection and family history to the risk of peptic ulcer disease. J Infect Dis 1998;177:1124–7.
- Malaty HM, Graham DY, Isaksson I, Engstrand L, Pedersen NL. Are genetic influences on peptic ulcer dependent or independent of genetic influences for Helicobacter pylori infection? Arch Intern Med 2000;160:105–9.
- Ball PAJ. Influence of the secretor and Lewis genes on susceptibility to duodenal ulcer. Br Med J 1962;ii:948–50.
- Kuipers EJ, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Appelmelk BJ, Screnk BE, Meuwissen SGM. Role of Helicobacter pylori in the pathogenesis of atrophic gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997;32 Suppl 223:28–34.
- Lam SK, Koo J, Sircus W. Early-and Late-Onset Duodenal ulcers in Chinese and Scots. Scand J Gastroenterol 1983;18:651–8.
- Rosenstock SJ. The epidemiology of peptic ulcer disease in a Danish county (Thesis). Copenhagen, Arhus, Odense: FADL Publishers; 1996.
- Katschinski BD, Logan RFA, Edmond M, Langman MJS. Physical activity at work and duodenal ulcer risk. Gut 1991;32: 983–6.
- Levenstein S, Kaplan GA. Socioeconomic status and ulcer. A prospective study of contributory risk factors. J Clin Gastroenterol 1998;26:14–7.
- Cheng Y, Macera CA, Blair SN. Physical acitivity and peptic ulcers. Does physical activity reduce the risk of developing peptic ulcers? West J Med 2000;173:101–7.
- Stanghellini V. Relationship between upper gastrointestinal symptoms and lifestyle, psychosocial factors and comorbidity in the general population: results from the Domestic/International Gastroenterology Surveillance Study (DIGEST). Scand J Gastroenterol 1999;34:29–37.
- Holtmann G, Armstrong D, Poppel E, Bauerfeind A, Goebell H, Arnold R. Influence of stress on the healing and relapse of duodenal ulcers. A prospective, multicenter trial of 2109 patients with recurrent duodenal ulceration treated with ranitidine. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992;27: 917–23.
- Bernersen B, Johnsen R, Straume B, Burhol PG, Jenssen TG, Stakkevold PA. Towards a true prevalence of peptic ulcer: the Sorreisa gastrointestinal disorder study. Gut 1990;31:989–92.
- Khuroo MS, Mahajan R, Javid G, Munshi S. Prevalence of peptic ulcer in India: an endoscopic and epidemiological study in urban Kashmir. Gut 1989;30:930–4.
- Jones RH, Lydeard SE, Hobbs FDR, Kenkre JE, Williams EI, Jones SJ. Dyspepsia in England and Scotland. Gut 1990; 31: 401–5.