Ghrelin enhances gastric motility through direct stimulation of intrinsic neural pathways and capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurones in rats

References

• Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K. Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 1999;402:656–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Date Y, Murakami N, Kojima M, Kuroiwa T, Matsukura S, Kangawa K, et al. Central effects of a novel acylated peptide, ghrelin, on growth hormone release in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;275:477–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wren AM, Small CJ, Ward HL, Murphy KG, Dakin CL, Taheri S, et al. The novel hypothalamic peptide ghrelin stimulates food intake and growth hormone secretion. Endocrinology 2000;141: 4325–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tschop M, Smiley DL, Heiman ML. Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents. Nature 2000;407:908–13.
   Google Scholar
• Nakazato M, Murakami N, Date Y, Kojima M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K, et al. A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding. Nature 2001;409:194–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Date Y, Kojima M, Hosoda H, Sawaguchi A, Mondal MS, Suganuma T, et al. Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide, is synthesized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats and humans. Endocrinology 2000;141:4255–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dornonville de la Cour C, Bjorkqvist M, Sandvik AK, Bakke I, Zhao CM, Chen D, et al. A-like cells in the rat stomach contain ghrelin and do not operate under gastrin control. Regul Pept 2001;99:141–50.
   Google Scholar
• Masuda Y, Tanaka T, Inomata N, Ohnuma N, Tanaka S, Itoh Z, et al. Ghrelin stimulates gastric acid secretion and motility in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;276:905–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asakawa A, Inui A, Kaga T, Yuzuriha H, Nagata T, Ueno N, et al. Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulatory signal from stomach with structural resemblance to motilin. Gastroenterology 2001;120: 337–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Date Y, Nakazato M, Murakami N, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Matsukura S. Ghrelin acts in the central nervous system to stimulate gastric acid secretion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001;280:904–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trudel L, Tomasetto C, Rio MC, Bouin M, Plourde V, Eberling P, et al. Ghrelin/motilin-related peptide is a potent prokinetic to reverse gastric postoperative ileus in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002;282:G948–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wren AM, Seal LJ, Cohen MA, Brynes AE, Frost GS, Murphy KG, et al. Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:5992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Date Y, Murakami N, Toshinai K, Matsukura S, Niijima A, Matsuo H, et al. The role of the gastric afferent vagal nerve in ghrelin-induced feeding and growth hormone secretion in rats. Gastroenterology 2002;123:1120–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujino K, Inui A, Asakawa A, Kihara N, Fujimura M, Fujimiya M. Ghrelin induces fasted motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract in conscious fed rats. J Physiol (London) 2003;550:227–40.
   Google Scholar
• Dass NB, Munonyara M, Bassil AK, Hervieu GJ, Osbourne S, Corcoran S, et al. Growth hormone secretagogue receptors in rat and human gastrointestinal tract and the effects of ghrelin. Neuroscience 2003;120:443–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzer P. Capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurones and gastrointestinal propulsion in the rat. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1986;332:62–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert A, Olafsson AS, Lancaster C, Zhang WR. Interleukin-1 is cytoprotective, antisecretory, stimulates PGE2 synthesis by the stomach, and retards gastric emptying. Life Sci 1991;48:123–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riviere PJ, Pascaud X, Chevalier E, Junien JL. Fedotozine reversal of peritoneal-irritation-induced ileus in rats: possible peripheral action on sensory afferents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994;270:846–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizuta Y, Takahashi T, Owyang C. Nitrergic regulation of colonic transit in rats. Am J Physiol 1999;277:G275–9.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer EA. The physiology of gastric storage and emptying. In: Johnson LR, editor. Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. New York: Raven; 1994. p. 926–76.
   Google Scholar
• Barquist E, Zinner M, Rivier J, Tache Y. Abdominal surgery-induced delayed gastric emptying in rats: role of CRF and sensory neurons. Am J Physiol 1992;262:G616–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calatayud S, Barrachina MD, Garcia-Zaragoza E, Quintana E, Esplugues JV. Endotoxin inhibits gastric emptying in rats via a capsaicin-sensitive afferent pathway. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2001;363:276–80.
   Google Scholar
• Anavi-Goffer S, McKay NG, Ashford ML, Coutts AA. Vanilloid receptor type 1-immunoreactivity is expressed by intrinsic afferent neurones in the guinea-pig myenteric plexus. Neurosci Lett 2002;319: 53–7.
   Google Scholar
• Grider JR, Jin JG. Distinct populations of sensory neurons mediate the peristaltic reflex elicited by muscle stretch and mucosal stimulation. J Neurosci 1994;14:2854–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks WA, Tschop M, Robinson SM, Heiman ML. Extent and direction of ghrelin transport across the blood-brain barrier is determined by its unique primary structure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;302:822–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Assche G, Depoortere I, Thijs T, Janssens JJ, Peeters TL. Concentration-dependent stimulation of cholinergic motor nerves or smooth muscle by [Nle13]motilin in the isolated rabbit gastric antrum. Eur J Pharmacol 1997;337: 267–74.
   Google Scholar
• Depoortere I, Thijs T, Thielemans L, Robberecht P, Peeters TL. Interaction of the growth hormone-releasing peptides ghrelin and growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 with the motilin receptor in the rabbit gastric antrum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003;305: 660–7.
   Google Scholar