References
- Sands BE, Jewell DP. Crohn’s disease. Ulcerative colitis. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Sleisenger MH, editors. Gastrointestinal and liver disease. Vol 2. 7th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2002. pp 2005–38, 2039–67.
- Fiocchi C. Inflammatory bowel disease: aetiology and pathogenesis. Gastroenterology 1998;115:182–205.
- Nash CL, Sutherland LR. Medical management of inflammatory bowel disease: old and new perspectives. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2001;17:336–41.
- Hanauer SB, Sandborn W. Management of Crohn’s disease in adults. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:635–43.
- Nielsen OH, Vainer B, Rask-Madsen J. Review article: the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease with 6-mercaptopurine or azathioprine. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001;15: 1699–708.
- Fraser AG, Orchard TR, Jewell DP. The efficacy of azathioprine for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a 30-year review. GUT 2002;50: 485–9.
- Marion JF. Toxicity of 6-mercaptopurine/azathioprine in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Dis 1998;4:116–7.
- Karl PI, Katz R, Daum F, Fisher SE. 6-Mercaptopurine and spermatogenesis in the young rat. Dig Dis Sci 1991;36:1569–73.
- Pasquale M, Fabrizio P. The genetic toxicology of 6- mercaptopurine. Mutation Res 1993;296:279–94.
- Holden HE, Ray VA, Wahrenburg MG, Zelenski JD. Mutagenicity studies with 6-mercaptopurine: cytogenetic activity in vivo. Mutation Res 1973;20:257–63.
- Reimers TJ, Sluss PM, Goodwin J, Seidel GE, Jr. Bigeneration effects of 6-mercaptopurine on reproduction in mice. Biol Reprod 1980;22: 367–75.
- Francella A, Dyan A, Bodian C, Rubin P, Chapman M, Present DH. The safety of 6-mercaptopurine for childbearing patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study. Gastroenterology 2003;124:9–17.
- Markowitz JF. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine in patients with Crohn’s disease. Rev Gastroenterol Disorders ; Suppl 2003;1:S23–9.
- Generoso WM, Preston RJ, Brewen JG. 6-Mercaptopurine, an inducer of cytogenetic and dominant-lethal effects in premeiotic and early meiotic germ cells of male mice. Mutation Res 1975;28: 437–47.
- Oakberg EF, Crosthwait CD, Raymer GD. Spermatogenic stage sensitivity to 6-mercaptopurine in the mouse. Mutation Res 1982;94: 165–78.
- Loo TL, Luce JK, Sullivan MP, Frie E. Clinical pharmacologic observations on 6-mercaptopurine and 6-methylthioprine ribonucleoside. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1968;9:180–94.
- Meirow D, Epstein M, Lewis H, Nugent D, Godsen RG. Administration of cyclophosphamide at different stages of follicular maturation in mice: effects on reproductive performance and fetal malformations. Hum Reprod 2001;16:632–7.
- Kramer MF, Davis JA, van der Ven TP. Effects of 1 Me V fast-neutron irradiation on spermatogonial proliferation in mice; influence of dose fractionation with different intervals. Int J Radiat Biol 1974;25:253–60.
- Meistrich ML, van Beek MEAB. Spermatogonial stem cells: assessing their survival and ability to produce differentiated cells. In: Chapin RE, Handle J, editors. Methods in toxicology, vol. 3A. New York: Academic Press; 1993. pp 106–23.
- Wyrobek AJ, Bruce WR. Chemical induction of sperm abnormalities in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1975;72: 4425–9.
- Rao JN, Scott AJ. A simple method for the analysis of clustered binary data. Biometrics 1992;48:527–85.
- Moum B. Chronic inflammatory bowel disease and pregnancy. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000;35:673–8.
- Katz AK, Pore G. Inflammatory bowel disease and pregnancy. Inflammatory Bowel Dis 2001;7:146–57.
- Alstead EM. Inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy. Postgrad Med J 2002;78:23–6.
- Elion GB. The pharmacology of azathioprine. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993;685:400–7.
- Aarbakke J, Janka-Schaub G, Elion GB. Thiopurine biology and pharmacology. Trend Pharmacol Sc 1997;18:3–7.
- Albanese RE. Mammalian male germ cell cytogenetics. Mutagenesis 1987;2:79–85.
- Arnon J, Meirow D, Lewis-Roness H, Ornoy A. Genetic and teratogenic effects of cancer treatments on gametes and embryos. Hum Reprod Update 2001;7:394–403.
- Chatterjee R, Haines GA, Perera DM, Goldstone A, Morris ID. Testicular and sperm DNA damage after treatment with fludarabine for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hum Reprod 2000;15:762–6.
- Haines GA, Hendry JH, Daniel CP, Morris ID. Germ cell and dose-dependent DNA damage measured by the comet assay in murine spermatozoa after testicular X-irradiation. Biol Reprod 2002;67:854–61.
- Rajapakse RO, Korelitz BI, Zlatanic J, Baiocco PJ, Gleim GW. Outcome of pregnancies when fathers are treated with 6-mercaptopurine for inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95: 684–8.
- Dejaco C, Mittermaier C, Reinisch W, Gasche C, Waldhoer T, Strohmer H, et al. Azathioprine treatment and male fertility in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2001;121:1048–53.
- Kane SV. What’s good for the goose should be good for the gander: 6-MP use in fathers with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:581–2.
- Marion JF. Seminal work: azathioprine and male fertility in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory Bowel Dis 2002; 8:234–5.
- Norgard B, Pedersen L, Fonager K, Rasmussen SN, Sorensen HT. Azathioprine, mercaptopurine and birth outcome: a population-based cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Therapeut 2003;17:827–34.