References
- Washüttl J, Riederer P, Baucher E. A qualitative and quantitative study of sugar-alcohols in several foods. J Food Sci 1973; 38: 1262–3
- Richmond ML, Brandao SC, Gray JI, Markakis P, Stine CM. Analysis of simple sugars and sorbitol in fruit by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Agric Food Chem 1981; 29: 4–7
- Wrolstad RE, Shallenberger RS. Free sugars and sorbitol in fruits: a complication from the literature. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1981; 64: 91–103
- Hyams JS. Sorbitol intolerance: an unappreciated cause of functional gastrointestinal complaints. Gastroenterology 1983; 84: 30–3
- Jain NK, Patel VP, Pitchumoni CS. Sorbitol intolerance in adults. Prevalence and pathogenesis on two continents. J Clin Gastroenterol 1987; 9: 317–9
- Rumessen JJ, Gudmand-Hoyer E. Malabsorption of fructose-sorbitol mixtures. Interactions causing abdominal distress. Scand J Gastroenterol 1987; 22: 431–6
- Corazza GR, Strocchi A, Rossi R, Sirola D, Gasbarrini G. Sorbitol malabsorption in normal volunteers and in patients with coeliac disease. Gut 1988; 29: 44–8
- Pelli MA, Capodicasa E, De Angelis V, Morelli A, Bassotti G. Sorbitol H2-breath test in celiac disease. Importance of early positivity. Gastroenterol Int 1998; 11: 65–8
- Tursi A, Brandimarte G, Giorgetti GM. Sorbitol H2-breath test versus anti-endomysium antibodies for the diagnosis of subclinical/silent coeliac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001; 36: 1170–2
- Tursi A, Brandimarte G, Giorgetti GM. H2 breath test for the diagnosis of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 2679–80
- Tursi A, Brandimarte G, Giorgetti GM, Inchingolo CD. Effectiveness of the sorbitol H2 breath test in detecting histological damage among relatives of coeliacs. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003; 38: 727–31
- Levitt MD. Production and excretion of hydrogen gas in man. N Engl J Med 1969; 281: 122–7
- Levitt MD, Donaldson RM. Use of respiratory hydrogen (H2) excretion to detect carbohydrate malabsorption. J Lab Clin Med 1970; 75: 937–45
- Arola H. Diagnosis of hypolactasia and lactose malabsorption. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994; 202: 26–35
- Gilat T, Ben Hur H, Gelman-Malachi E, Terdiman R, Peled Y. Alterations of the colonic flora and their effect on the hydrogen breath test. Gut 1978; 19: 602–5
- Perman JA, Modler S, Olson AC. Role of pH in production of hydrogen from carbohydrates by colonic bacterial flora. Studies in vivo and in vitro. J Clin Invest 1981; 67: 643–50
- Thompson DG, Binfield P, De Belder A, O'Brien J, Warren S, Wilson M. Extra intestinal influences on exhaled breath hydrogen measurements during the investigation of gastrointestinal disease. Gut 1985; 26: 1349–52
- Tadesse K, Eastwood M. Breath-hydrogen test and smoking. Lancet 1977; 2: 91
- Vonk RJ, Stellaard F, Hoekstra H, Koetse HA. 13C carbohydrate breath tests. Gut 1998; 43(suppl 3)S20–2
- Hiele M, Ghoos Y. A carbon-13 breath test to characterize glucose absorption and utilization in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1989; 9: 540–1
- Hiele M, Ghoos Y, Rutgeerts P, Vantrappen G, Carchon H, Eggermont E. 13CO2 breath test using naturally 13C-enriched lactose for detection of lactase deficiency in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. J Lab Clin Med 1988; 112: 193–200
- Hiele M, Ghoos Y, Rutgeerts P, Vantrappen G, de Buyser K. 13CO2 breath test to measure the hydrolysis of various starch formulations in healthy subjects. Gut 1990; 31: 175–8
- Hoekstra JH, van den Aker JH, Kneepkens CM, Stellaard F, Geypens B, Ghoos YF. Evaluation of 13CO2 breath tests for the detection of fructose malabsorption. J Lab Clin Med 1996; 127: 303–9
- Tveito K, Brunborg C, Sandvik L, Loberg EM, Skar V. 13C-xylose and 14C-xylose breath tests for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008; 43: 166–73
- Marsh MN. Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine. A molecular and immunobiologic approach to the spectrum of gluten sensitivity (“celiac sprue”). Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 330–54
- Oberhuber G, Granditsch G, Vogelsang H. The histopathology of coeliac disease: time for a standardized report scheme for pathologists. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999; 11: 1185–94
- Nier AO. A redetermination of the relative abundances of the isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and potassium. Physiol Rev 1950; 77: 789
- Schoeller DA, Klein PD, Maclean WC, Watkins JB, Van Santen E. Fecal 13C analysis for the detection and quantitation of intestinal malabsorption. J Lab Clin Med 1981; 97: 439–48
- Haycock GB, Schwartz GJ, Wisotsky DH. Geometric method for measuring body surface area: a height-weight formula validated in infants, children and adults. J Pediatr 1978; 93: 62–6
- Tursi A, Brandimarte G, Giorgetti GM. Sorbitol H2-breath test versus anti-endomysium antibodies for the diagnosis of subclinical/silent coeliac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001; 36: 1170–2
- Miller TL, Weaver GA, Wolin MJ. Methanogens and anaerobes in a colon segment isolated from the normal fecal stream. Appl Environ Microbiol 1984; 48: 449–50
- Bond JH, Jr, Engel RR, Levitt MD. Factors influencing pulmonary methane excretion in man. An indirect method of studying the in situ metabolism of the methane-producing colonic bacteria. J Exp Med 1971; 133: 572–88
- Pitt P, de Bruijn KM, Beeching MF, Goldberg E, Blendis LM. Studies on breath methane: the effect of ethnic origins and lactulose. Gut 1980; 21: 951–4
- Bjorneklett A, Jenssen E. Relationships between hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) production in man. Scand J Gastroenterol 1982; 17: 985–92
- Tursi A, Brandimarte G, Giorgetti GM, Gigliobianco A. Endoscopic features of celiac disease in adults and their correlation with age, histological damage, and clinical form of the disease. Endoscopy 2002; 34: 787–92
- Tursi A, Brandimarte G, Giorgetti GM. Prevalence of anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies in different degrees of intestinal damage in celiac disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 36: 219–21
- Fabiani E, Catassi C. The serum IgA class anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies in the diagnosis and follow up of coeliac disease. Results of an international multi-centre study. International Working Group on Eu-tTG. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 13: 659–65
- Hill PG, Holmes GK. Coeliac disease: a biopsy is not always necessary for diagnosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008; 27: 572–7