Inhospital and delayed mortality after upper gastrointestinal bleeding: an analysis of risk factors in a prospective series

References

• Hearnshaw SA, Logan RF, Lowe D, et al. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the UK: patient characteristics, diagnoses and outcomes in the 2007 UK audit. Gut. 2011;60:1327–1335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Leerdam ME, Vreeburg EM, Rauws EA, et al. Acute upper GI bleeding: did anything change? Time trend analysis of incidence and outcome of acute upper GI bleeding between 1993/1994 and 2000. Am J Gastroenterology. 2003;98:1494–1499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugawa C, Steffes CP, Nakamura R, et al. Upper GI bleeding in an urban hospital. Etiology, recurrence, and prognosis. Ann Surg. 1990;212:521–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkun A, Sabbah S, Enns R, et al. The Canadian Registry on Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Endoscopy (RUGBE): endoscopic hemostasis and proton pump inhibition are associated with improved outcomes in a real-life setting. Am J Gastroenterology. 2004;99:1238–1246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jairath V, Kahan BC, Logan RF, et al. Outcomes following acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding in relation to time to endoscopy: results from a nationwide study. Endoscopy. 2012;44:723–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockall TA, Logan RF, Devlin HB, et al. Risk assessment after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Gut. 1996;38:316–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blatchford O, Murray WR, Blatchford M. A risk score to predict need for treatment for upper-gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Lancet. 2000;356:1318–1321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cipolletta L, Bianco MA, Rotondano G, et al. Outpatient management for low-risk nonvariceal upper GI bleeding: a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;55:1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longstreth GF, Feitelberg SP. Successful outpatient management of acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: use of practice guidelines in a large patient series. Gastrointest Endosc. 1998; 47:219–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiefer M, Aquarius M, Leffers P, et al. Predictive validity of the Glasgow Blatchford Bleeding Score in an unselected emergency department population in continental Europe. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;24:382–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Cara JG, Jiménez-Rosales R, Úbeda Muñoz M, et al. Comparison of AIMS65, Glasgow–Blatchford score, and Rockall score in a European series of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: performance when predicting in-hospital and delayed mortality. United European Gastroenterol J. 2016;4:371–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkun AN, Bardou M, Kuipers EJ, et al. International consensus recommendations on the management of patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Ann Intern Med. 2010; 152:101–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laine L, Jensen DM. Management of patients with ulcer bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107:345–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camus M, Jensen DM, Kovacs TO, et al. Independent risk factors of 30-day outcomes in 1264 patients with peptic ulcer bleeding in the USA: large ulcers do worse. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;43:1080–1089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crooks CJ, Card TR, West J. Excess long-term mortality following non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a population-based cohort study. PLoS Med. 2013;10:e1001437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villanueva C, Colomo A, Bosch A, et al. Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368:11–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Iglesias P, Villoria A, Suarez D, et al. Meta-analysis: predictors of rebleeding after endoscopic treatment for bleeding peptic ulcer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34:888–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmunzer BJ, Young SD, Inadomi JM, et al. Systematic review of the predictors of recurrent hemorrhage after endoscopic hemostatic therapy for bleeding peptic ulcers. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:2625–2632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmo R, Koch M, Cipolletta L, et al. Predicting mortality in patients with in-hospital nonvariceal upper GI bleeding: a prospective, multicenter database study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;79:741–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jairath V, Thompson J, Kahan BC, et al. Poor outcomes in hospitalized patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: impact of baseline risk, bleeding severity, and process of care. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109:1603–1612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acosta RD, Abraham NS, Chandrasekhara V, et al. The management of antithrombotic agents for patients undergoing GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;83:3–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biondi-Zoccai GG, Lotrionte M, Agostoni P, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the hazards of discontinuing or not adhering to aspirin among 50,279 patients at risk for coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:2667–2674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger K, Allescher HD. Antiplatelet therapy during gastrointestinal bleeding: risk or benefit? Gastroenterology. 2010;139:687–689.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sauerbruch T, Mengel M, Dollinger M, et al. Prevention of rebleeding from esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis receiving small-diameter stents versus hemodynamically controlled medical therapy. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:660–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi X, Tian Y, Zhang W, et al. Covered TIPS for secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in liver cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine. 2016;95:e5680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gralnek IM, Dumonceau JM, Kuipers EJ, et al. Diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline. Endoscopy. 2015;47:a1–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar