References
- Gostout CJ, Wang KK, Ahlquist DA, et al. Acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Experience of a specialized management team. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1992;14:260–267
- Zuccaro G. Jr. Management of the adult patient with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:1202–1208.
- Barnert J, Messmann H. Diagnosis and management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;6:637–646.
- Farrell JJ, Friedman LS. Review article: the management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21:1281–1298.
- Richter JM, Christensen MR, Kaplan LM, et al. Effectiveness of current technology in the diagnosis and management of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;41:93–98.
- Longstreth GF. Epidemiology and outcome of patients hospitalized with acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:419–424
- Chaudhry V, Hyser MJ, Gracias VH, et al. Colonoscopy: the initial test for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Am Surg. 1998;64:723–728.
- Ohyama T, Sakurai Y, Ito M, et al. Analysis of urgent colonoscopy for lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Digestion. 2000;61:189–192.
- Arakawa D, Ohmiya N, Nakamura M, et al. Outcome after enteroscopy for patients with obscure GI bleeding: diagnostic comparison between double-balloon endoscopy and videocapsule endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;69:866–874.
- Ohmiya N, Nakagawa Y, Nagasaka M, et al. Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding: diagnosis and treatment. Dig Endosc. 2015;27:285–294.
- Zuckerman DA, Bocchini TP, Birnbaum EH. Massive hemorrhage in the lower gastrointestinal tract in adults: diagnostic imaging and intervention. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993;161:703–711.
- Nusbaum M, Baum S. Radiographic demonstration of unknown sites of gastrointestinal bleeding. Surg Forum. 1963;14:374–375.
- Egglin TK, O'Moore PV, Feinstein AR, et al. Complications of peripheral arteriography: a new system to identify patients at increased risk. J Vasc Surg. 1995;22:787–794.
- Lee HH, Park JM, Chun HJ, et al. Transcatheter arterial embolization for endoscopically unmanageable non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015;50:809–815.
- Maleux G, Roeflaer F, Heye S, et al. Long-term outcome of transcatheter embolotherapy for acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:2042–2046.
- Song JS, Kwak HS, Chung GH. Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: the usefulness of rotational angiography after endoscopic marking with a metallic clip. Korean J Radiol. 2011;12:473–480.
- Syed MI, Shaikh A. Accurate localization of life threatening colonic hemorrhage during nuclear medicine bleeding scan as an aid to selective angiography. World J Emerg Surg. 2009;4:20.
- Shin JH. Recent update of embolization of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Korean J Radiol. 2012;13:S31–S39.
- Hearnshaw SA, Logan RF, Lowe D, et al. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the UK: patient characteristics, diagnoses and outcomes in the 2007 UK audit. Gut. 2011;60:1327–1335.
- Yap FY, Omene BO, Patel MN, et al. Transcatheter embolotherapy for gastrointestinal bleeding: a single center review of safety, efficacy, and clinical outcomes. Dig Dis Sci. 2013;58:1976–1984.
- Hur S, Jae HJ, Lee M, et al. Safety and efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization for lower gastrointestinal bleeding: a single-center experience with 112 patients. J Vasc Interventional Radiol. 2014;25:10–19.
- Angle JF, Siddiqi NH, Wallace MJ, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for percutaneous transcatheter embolization: Society of Interventional Radiology Standards of Practice Committee. J Vasc Interventional Radiol. 2010;21:1479–1486.
- Fiorito JJ, Brandt LJ, Kozicky O, et al. The diagnostic yield of superior mesenteric angiography: correlation with the pattern of gastrointestinal bleeding. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989; 84:878–881.
- Busch OR, van Delden OM, Gouma DJ. Therapeutic options for endoscopic haemostatic failures: the place of the surgeon and radiologist in gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;22:341–354.
- Rossetti A, Buchs NC, Breguet R, et al. Transarterial embolization in acute colonic bleeding: review of 11 years of experience and long-term results. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2013;28:777–782.
- Kickuth R, Rattunde H, Gschossmann J, et al. Acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: minimally invasive management with microcatheter embolization. J Vasc Interventional Radiol. 2008;19:1289–1296.e2.
- d’Othée BJ, Surapaneni P, Rabkin D, et al. Microcoil embolization for acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2006;29:49–58.
- Huang CC, Lee CW, Hsiao JK, et al. N-butyl cyanoacrylate embolization as the primary treatment of acute hemodynamically unstable lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. J Vasc Interventional Radiol. 2011;22:1594–1599.
- Kim PH, Tsauo J, Shin JH, et al. Transcatheter arterial embolization of gastrointestinal bleeding with N-butyl cyanoacrylate: a systematic review and meta-analysis of safety and efficacy. J Vasc Interventional Radiol. 2017;28:522–531.e5.
- Eriksson LG, Ljungdahl M, Sundbom M, et al. Transcatheter arterial embolization versus surgery in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding after therapeutic endoscopy failure. J Vasc Interventional Radiol. 2008;19:1413–1418.
- Tan KK, Wong D, Sim R. Superselective embolization for lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage: an institutional review over 7 years. World J Surg. 2008;32:2707–2715.
- Kuo WT, Lee DE, Saad WE, et al. Superselective microcoil embolization for the treatment of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage. J Vasc Interventional Radiol. 2003;14:1503–1509.
- Chan DK, Soong J, Koh F, et al. Predictors for outcomes after super-selective mesenteric embolization for lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding. ANZ J Surg. 2014;86:459–463.
- Adusumilli S, Gosselink MP, Ctercteko G, et al. The efficacy of selective arterial embolization in the management of colonic bleeding. Tech Coloproctol. 2014;18:529–533.