Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients diagnosed under regular surveillance: potential implications for surveillance goal

References

• Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68:394–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman M, Bruix J, Porayko M, et al., AASLD Practice Guidelines Committee. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma: the rationale for the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases recommendations. Hepatology. 2012;56:793–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon AM, Weiss NS, Beste LA, et al. No association between screening for hepatocellular carcinoma and reduced cancer-related mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 2018;155:1128–1139.e6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KM, Kim J, Sinn DH, et al. Treatment for occult hepatocellular carcinoma: does it offer survival advantages over symptom-driven treatment? Scand J Gastroenterol. 2018;53:727–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HY, Nam JY, Lee JH, et al. Intensity of surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma determines survival in patients at risk in a hepatitis B-endemic area. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;47:1490–1501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Im S, Jang ES, Lee JH, et al. Surveillance rate and its impact on survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients in South Korea: a cohort study. Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51:1357–1369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edenvik P, Davidsdottir L, Oksanen A, et al. Application of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in a European setting. What can we learn from clinical practice? Liver Int. 2015;35:1862–1871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2018;69:182–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heimbach JK, Kulik LM, Finn RS, et al. AASLD guidelines for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2018;67:358–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2018 Korean Liver Cancer Association-National Cancer Center Korea Practice Guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut Liver. 2019;13:227–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esserman LJ, Thompson IM, Reid B, et al. Addressing overdiagnosis and overtreatment in cancer: a prescription for change. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:e234–e242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llovet JM, Brú C, Bruix J. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification. Semin Liver Dis. 1999;19:329–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun YS, Pawlik TM, Vauthey JN. 8th Edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual: pancreas and hepatobiliary cancers. Ann Surg Oncol. 2018;25:845–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan, The general rules for the clinical and pathological study of primary liver cancer. Jpn J Surg. 1989;19:98–129.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor EJ, Rowe IA. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma. In: Cross T, Palmer DH, editors. Liver cancers: from mechanisms to management. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019. p. 13–21.
   Google Scholar
• Barbara L, Benzi G, Gaiani S, et al. Natural history of small untreated hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors of tumor growth rate and patient survival. Hepatology. 1992;16:132–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korean Liver Cancer Study Group (KLCSG) and National Cancer Center, Korea (NCC). 2014 KLCSG-NCC Korea Practice Guideline for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut Liver. 2014;9:267–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korean Liver Cancer Study Group (KLCSG) and National Cancer Center, Korea (NCC). Practice guidelines for management of hepatocellular carcinoma 2009. Korean J Hepatol. 2009;15:391–423.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sterling RK, Lissen E, Clumeck N, et al., APRICOT Clinical Investigators. Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection. Hepatology. 2006;43:1317–1325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park S, Choi S, Cho YA, et al. Evaluation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th Edition staging system for hepatocellular carcinoma in 1,008 patients with curative resection. Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52:1145–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan ACY, Fan ST, Poon RTP, et al. Evaluation of the seventh edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer tumour-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system for patients undergoing curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: implications for the development of a refined staging system. HPB (Oxford). 2013;15:439–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singal A, Volk ML, Waljee A, et al. Meta-analysis: surveillance with ultrasound for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;30:37–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna RF, Miloushev VZ, Tang A, et al. Comparative 13-year meta-analysis of the sensitivity and positive predictive value of ultrasound, CT, and MRI for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma. Abdom Radiol. 2016;41:71–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett GL, Krinsky GA, Abitbol RJ, et al. Sonographic detection of hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules in cirrhosis: correlation of pretransplantation sonography and liver explant pathology in 200 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2002;179:75–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SY, An J, Lim YS, et al. MRI with liver-specific contrast for surveillance of patients with cirrhosis at high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3:456–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whang S, Choi MH, Choi JI, et al. Comparison of diagnostic performance of non-contrast MRI and abbreviated MRI using gadoxetic acid in initially diagnosed hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a simulation study of surveillance for hepatocellular carcinomas. Eur Radiol. 2020;30:4150–4163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SH, Kim B, Kim SY, et al. Abbreviated MRI with optional multiphasic CT as an alternative to full-sequence MRI: LI-RADS validation in a HCC-screening cohort. Eur Radiol. 2020;30:2302–2311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SH, Kim B. Liver magnetic resonance imaging for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance. J Liver Cancer. 2020;20:25–31.
   Google Scholar
• Yang JD. Detect or not to detect very early stage hepatocellular carcinoma? The Western perspective. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2019;25:335–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Kang W, Sinn DH, et al. Potential etiology, prevalence of cirrhosis, and mode of detection among patients with non-B non-C hepatocellular carcinoma in Korea. Korean J Intern Med. 2020;35:65–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinn DH, Gwak GY, Cho J, et al. Comparison of clinical manifestations and outcomes between hepatitis B virus- and hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of a nationwide cohort. PLoS One. 2014;9:e112184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar