A narrative review of acute pancreatitis-induced splanchnic vein thrombosis: from pathogenesis to clinical management

References

• Iannuzzi JP, King JA, Leong JH, et al. Global incidence of acute pancreatitis is increasing over time: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2022;162(1):122–134. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.09.043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadkarni NA, Khanna S, Vege SS. Splanchnic venous thrombosis and pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2013;42(6):924–931. doi: 10.1097/MPA.0b013e318287cd3d.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen O, Ageno W. The safety of anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of splanchnic vein thrombosis associated with acute pancreatitis. Intern Emerg Med. 2020;15(6):929–931. doi: 10.1007/s11739-020-02336-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flati G, Andrén-Sandberg Å, La Pinta M, et al. Potentially fatal bleeding in acute pancreatitis: pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment. Pancreas. 2003;26(1):8–14. doi: 10.1097/00006676-200301000-00002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Practice guidance for diagnosis and treatment of pancreatitis-related splanchnic vein thrombosis (shenyang, 2020). Journal of Digestive Diseases. 2020;22(1):2–8. doi: 10.1111/1751-2980.12962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roch AM, Maatman TK, Carr RA, et al. Venous thromboembolism in necrotizing pancreatitis: an underappreciated risk. J Gastrointest Surg. 2019;23(12):2430–2438. doi: 10.1007/s11605-019-04124-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris S, Nadkarni NA, Naina HV, et al. Splanchnic vein thrombosis in acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2013;42(8):1251–1254. doi: 10.1097/MPA.0b013e3182968ff5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pribramska V, Vege SS, Trna J, et al. T1291 natural history of splanchnic venous thrombosis in acute pancreatitis: a population-based study. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(5):A-541. doi: 10.1016/S0016-5085(09)62486-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Junare PR, Udgirkar S, Nair S, et al. Splanchnic venous thrombosis in acute pancreatitis: does anticoagulation affect outcome? Gastroenterology Res. 2020;13(1):25–31. doi: 10.14740/gr1223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anis FS, Adiamah A, Lobo DN, et al. Incidence and treatment of splanchnic vein thrombosis in patients with acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;37(3):446–454. doi: 10.1111/jgh.15711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easler J, Muddana V, Furlan A, et al. Portosplenomesenteric venous thrombosis in patients with acute pancreatitis is associated with pancreatic necrosis and usually has a benign course. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(5):854–862. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.09.068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelson RM, Anderson J, Marshall M, et al. Vascular complications of pancreatitis. ANZ J Surg. 2005;75(12):1073–1079. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2005.03607.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawacki Ł, Matykiewicz J, Stochmal E, et al. Splanchnic vein thrombosis in acute pancreatitis and its consequences. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2021;27:10760296211010260. doi: 10.1177/10760296211010260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park W-S, Kim H-I, Jeon B-J, et al. Should anticoagulants be administered for portal vein thrombosis associated with acute pancreatitis? World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(42):6168–6171. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i42.6168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esmon CT. Crosstalk between inflammation and thrombosis. Maturitas. 2004;47(4):305–314. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2003.10.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burstein SA. Cytokines, platelet production and hemostasis. Platelets. 1997;8(2-3):93–104. doi: 10.1080/09537109709169324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacciola R, Gentilini Cacciola E, Vecchio V, et al. Cellular and molecular mechanisms in COVID-19 coagulopathy: role of inflammation and endotheliopathy. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2022;53(2):282–290. doi: 10.1007/s11239-021-02583-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumnicka P, Maduzia D, Ceranowicz P, et al. The interplay between inflammation, coagulation and endothelial injury in the early phase of acute pancreatitis: clinical implications. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(2):354. doi: 10.3390/ijms18020354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camerer E, Røttingen J-A, Gjernes E, et al. Coagulation factors VIIa and Xa induce cell signaling leading to up-regulation of the egr-1 gene. J Biol Chem. 1999;274(45):32225–32233. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.45.32225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sang Y, Roest M, de Laat B, et al. Interplay between platelets and coagulation. Blood Rev. 2021;46:100733. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2020.100733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindemann S, Tolley ND, Dixon DA, et al. Activated platelets mediate inflammatory signaling by regulated interleukin 1β synthesis. J Cell Biol. 2001;154(3):485–490. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200105058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coughlin SR. Thrombin signalling and protease-activated receptors. Nature. 2000;407(6801):258–264. doi: 10.1038/35025229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou J, Zhang H, Mao W, et al. Efficacy and safety of early systemic anticoagulation for preventing splanchnic thrombosis in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2020;49(9):1220–1224. doi: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi M, van der Poll T. Two-Way interactions between inflammation and coagulation. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2005;15(7):254–259. doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2005.07.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badhal SS, Sharma S, Saraya A, et al. Prognostic significance of D-dimer, natural anticoagulants and routine coagulation parameters in acute pancreatitis. Trop Gastroenterol. 2012;33(3):193–199. doi: 10.7869/tg.2012.48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Virchow R. Gesammelte abhandlungen zur wissenschaftlichen medizin. Frankfurt A. M. : Meidinger Sohn & Comp. 1856; 458–732.
   Google Scholar
• Ding L, Deng F, Yu C, et al. Portosplenomesenteric vein thrombosis in patients with early-stage severe acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2018;24(35):4054–4060. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i35.4054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dörffel Y, Wruck U, Rückert RI, et al. Vascular complications in acute pancreatitis assessed by color duplex ultrasonography. Pancreas. 2000;21(2):126–133. doi: 10.1097/00006676-200008000-00004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie CL, Wu CQ, Chen Y, et al. Sinistral portal hypertension in acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2019;48(2):187–192. doi: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garret C, Péron M, Reignier J, et al. Risk factors and outcomes of infected pancreatic necrosis: retrospective cohort of 148 patients admitted to the ICU for acute pancreatitis. United European Gastroenterol J. 2018;6(6):910–918. doi: 10.1177/2050640618764049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park DE, Chae KM. Chylous ascites caused by acute pancreatitis with portal vein thrombosis. J Korean Surg Soc. 2011;81(Suppl 1):S64–S68. doi: 10.4174/jkss.2011.81.Suppl1.S64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Das S, Swain SK, Ramamurthy A. Hepatic infarction from portal vein thrombosis: a fatal consequence of acute pancreatitis. J Dig Dis. 2017;18(7):425–427. doi: 10.1111/1751-2980.12474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzelez HJ, Sahay SJ, Samadi B, et al. Splanchnic vein thrombosis in severe acute pancreatitis: a 2-year, single-institution experience. HPB (Oxford). 2011;13(12):860–864. doi: 10.1111/j.1477-2574.2011.00392.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou J, Ke L, Yang D, et al. Predicting the clinical manifestations in necrotizing acute pancreatitis patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis. Pancreatology. 2016;16(6):973–978. doi: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.10.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlana D. Parenteral nutrition overview. Nutrients. 2022;14(21):4480. doi: 10.3390/nu14214480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou W, Sanyal AJ. Ascites: diagnosis and management. Med Clin North Am. 2009;93(4):801–817, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2009.03.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey J, Shapiro MJ. Abdominal compartment syndrome. Crit Care. 2000;4(1):23–29. doi: 10.1186/cc646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spaander MCW, Van Buuren HR, Hansen BE, et al. Ascites in patients with noncirrhotic nonmalignant extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32(4):529–534. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04375.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Yang Z, Tian F. Clinical characteristics and risk factors for sinistral portal hypertension associated with moderate and severe acute pancreatitis: a seven-year single-center retrospective study. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:5969–5976. doi: 10.12659/msm.916192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler JR, Eckert GJ, Zyromski NJ, et al. Natural history of pancreatitis-induced splenic vein thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of its incidence and rate of gastrointestinal bleeding. HPB (Oxford). 2011;13(12):839–845. doi: 10.1111/j.1477-2574.2011.00375.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu C, Ding L, Jiang M, et al. Dynamic changes and nomogram prediction for sinistral portal hypertension in moderate and severe acute pancreatitis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:875263. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.875263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallout D, Tatro E, Adler DG. Managing gastric varices. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2022;13(6):535–542. doi: 10.1136/flgastro-2021-101834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou J, Ke L, Tong Z, et al. Risk factors and outcome of splanchnic venous thrombosis in patients with necrotizing acute pancreatitis. Thromb Res. 2015;135(1):68–72. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.10.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marra-López C, Concejo FB, Zuleta HJC, et al. Analysis and predictive factors of splanchnic vein thrombosis in acute pancreatitis, in a large national prospective cohort. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(5):S285–S286. doi: 10.1016/S0016-5085(17)31246-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandal M, Rana SS, Kang M, et al. Splanchnic vein thrombosis. Pancreas. 2022;51(4):358–365. doi: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000002030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins AJ, Lusczek E, Bellin MD, et al. Thromboembolic complications in the first year after acute pancreatitis diagnosis. Pancreas. 2021;50(5):751–755. doi: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg R, Mohammed A, Singh A, et al. Mortality trends, outcomes, and predictors of portal vein thrombosis in acute pancreatitis patients: a Propensity-Matched national study. Dig Dis Sci. 2023;68(6):2674–2682. doi: 10.1007/s10620-023-07945-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhry H, Sohal A, Bains K, et al. Incidence and factors associated with portal vein thrombosis in patients with acute pancreatitis: a United States national retrospective study. Pancreatology. 2023;23(4):350–357. doi: 10.1016/j.pan.2023.03.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyón D, Marra-López C, Bolado F, et al. Determinants and impact of splanchnic vein thrombosis in acute pancreatitis. Dig Liver Dis. 2023;55(11):1480–1486. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2023.04.026.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gui M, Zhao B, Huang J, et al. Pathogenesis and therapy of coagulation disorders in severe acute pancreatitis. J Inflamm Res. 2023;16:57–67. volume . doi: 10.2147/jir.S388216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu R, Wei S, Wu C, et al. Utility of clot formation and lysis assay to monitor global coagulation state of patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57(5):1399–1403. doi: 10.1007/s10620-012-2034-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salomone T, Tosi P, Palareti G, et al. Coagulative disorders in human acute pancreatitis: role for the D-Dimer. Pancreas. 2003;26(2):111–116. doi: 10.1097/00006676-200303000-00003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao P, Niemann B, Szeligo B, et al. Acute pancreatitis induces a transient hypercoagulable state in murine models. Pancreatology. 2023;23(3):306–313. doi: 10.1016/j.pan.2023.02.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebours V, Boudaoud L, Vullierme M-P, et al. Extrahepatic portal venous system thrombosis in recurrent acute and chronic alcoholic pancreatitis is caused by local inflammation and not thrombophilia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(10):1579–1585. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2012.231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landman C, Nahon S, Cosnes J, et al. Portomesenteric vein thrombosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(3):582–589. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e31827eea5f.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papay P, Miehsler W, Tilg H, et al. Clinical presentation of venous thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2013;7(9):723–729. doi: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.10.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gautam, Avinash D, Agarwal, Ayushi, Yadav, Rajanikant R, Sanket,. Emergent management of gastric variceal bleed in the setting of acute Pancreatitis-Related sinistral hypertension with partial splenic embolization: a series of two cases. Cureus 2022, 14 (9), e29002. doi: 10.7759/cureus.29002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponziani FR, Zocco MA, Campanale C, et al. Portal vein thrombosis: insight into physiopathology, diagnosis, and treatment. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(2):143–155. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i2.143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghazanfar MA, Ke L, Ramsay G, et al. Management of splanchnic vein thrombosis in patients with acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2022;51(9):1211–1216. doi: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000002165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sissingh NJ, Groen JV, Timmerhuis HC, et al. Therapeutic anticoagulation for splanchnic vein thrombosis in acute pancreatitis: a national survey and case-vignette study. World J Gastroenterol. 2023;29(21):3328–3340. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i21.3328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xin-Sheng L, Fu Q, Jie-Qin L, et al. Low molecular weight heparin in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis: a multiple Centre prospective clinical study. Asian J Surg. 2009;32(2):89–94. doi: 10.1016/s1015-9584(09)60017-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tozlu M, Kayar Y, Ince AT, et al. Low molecular weight heparin treatment of acute moderate and severe pancreatitis: a randomized, controlled, open-label study. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2019;30(1):81–87. doi: 10.5152/tjg.2018.18583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu Q, Li GJ, Tang L, et al. The efficacy of low molecular weight heparin in severe acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Dig Dis. 2019;20(10):512–522. doi: 10.1111/1751-2980.12815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K T, Chan S-J, Varghese C, et al. A selective anticoagulation policy for splanchnic vein thrombosis in acute pancreatitis is associated with favourable outcomes: experience from a UK tertiary referral Centre. HPB (Oxford). 2022;24(11):1937–1943. doi: 10.1016/j.hpb.2022.06.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandan S, Buddam A, Khan SR, et al. Use of therapeutic anticoagulation in splanchnic vein thrombosis associated with acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Ann Gastroenterol. 2021;34(6):862–871. doi: 10.20524/aog.2021.0661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sissingh NJ, Groen JV, Koole D, et al. Therapeutic anticoagulation for splanchnic vein thrombosis in acute pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pancreatology. 2022;22(2):235–243. doi: 10.1016/j.pan.2021.12.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagliari D, Cianci R, Brizi MG, et al. Anticoagulant therapy in the treatment of splanchnic vein thrombosis associated to acute pancreatitis: a 3-year single-centre experience. Intern Emerg Med. 2020;15(6):1021–1029. doi: 10.1007/s11739-019-02271-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajibandeh S, Hajibandeh S, Agrawal S, et al. Anticoagulation versus no anticoagulation for splanchnic venous thrombosis secondary to acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 2020;49(9):e84–e85. doi: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kröner PT, Wallace MB, Raimondo M, et al. Systemic anticoagulation is associated with decreased mortality and morbidity in acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology. 2021;21(8):1428–1433. doi: 10.1016/j.pan.2021.09.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton W, Lazaraviciute G, Ramsay G, et al. Current practice of anticoagulant in the treatment of splanchnic vein thrombosis secondary to acute pancreatitis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2020;19(2):116–121. doi: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2019.12.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Franchis R, Bosch J, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. Baveno VII – renewing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2022;76(4):959–974. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.12.022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease. Chest. 2012;141(2 Suppl):e419S–e496S. doi: 10.1378/chest.11-2301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Nisio M, Valeriani E, Riva N, et al. Anticoagulant therapy for splanchnic vein thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(7):1562–1568. doi: 10.1111/jth.14836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Candeloro M, Valeriani E, Monreal M, et al. Clinical course and treatment of incidentally detected splanchnic vein thrombosis: an individual patient data meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2023;21(6):1592–1600. doi: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.03.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valeriani E, Di Nisio M, Riva N, et al. Anticoagulant therapy for splanchnic vein thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood. 2021;137(9):1233–1240. doi: 10.1182/blood.2020006827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parikh S, Shah R, Kapoor P. Portal vein thrombosis. Am J Med. 2010;123(2):111–119. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.05.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnes J, García–Pagán JC, González M, et al. Portal hypertension–related complications after acute portal vein thrombosis: impact of early anticoagulation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;6(12):1412–1417. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2008.07.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado MG, Seijo S, Yepes I, et al. Efficacy and safety of anticoagulation on patients with cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(7):776–783. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.01.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson TM, Daneshmand A, Parys S, et al. Splanchnic vein thrombosis in acute pancreatitis: a review of treatment indications, methods, and outcomes in a single institution. ANZ J Surg. 2023;93(10):2487–2491. doi: 10.1111/ans.18442.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plessier A, Darwish-Murad S, Hernandez-Guerra M, et al. Acute portal vein thrombosis unrelated to cirrhosis: a prospective multicenter follow-up study. Hepatology. 2010;51(1):210–218. doi: 10.1002/hep.23259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawata E, Siew D-A, Payne JG, et al. Splanchnic vein thrombosis: clinical manifestations, risk factors, management, and outcomes. Thromb Res. 2021;202:90–95. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.03.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkrief L, Payancé A, Plessier A, et al. Management of splanchnic vein thrombosis. JHEP Rep. 2023;5(4):100667. doi: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100667.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valeriani E, Riva N, Di Nisio M, et al. Splanchnic vein thrombosis: current perspectives. VHRM. 2019;ume 15:449–461. doi: 10.2147/VHRM.S197732.
   Google Scholar
• Eikelboom JW, Weitz JI. Direct oral anticoagulants in the very elderly. Thromb Haemost. 2023;123(4):377–379. doi: 10.1055/a-2021-8910.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scicchitano P, Tucci M, Bellino MC, et al. The impairment in kidney function in the oral anticoagulation era. A pathophysiological insight. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2021;35(3):505–519. doi: 10.1007/s10557-020-07004-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raccah BH, Perlman A, Danenberg HD, et al. Major bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke with direct oral anticoagulants in patients with renal failure. Chest. 2016;149(6):1516–1524. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2015.12.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanifer JW, Pokorney SD, Chertow GM, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and advanced chronic kidney disease. Circulation. 2020;141(17):1384–1392. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.044059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capraro S, Acquazzino M, Drake M, et al. Successful treatment of splenic vein thrombosis secondary to acute pancreatitis with oral anticoagulants: a pediatric case series. Am J Case Rep. 2022;23:e937599. doi: 10.12659/ajcr.937599.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Banks PA, Bollen TL, Dervenis C, et al. Classification of acute pancreatitis—2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus. Gut. 2013;62(1):102–111. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Horn H, Rasmusson A, Söderblom L, et al. Using a low–molecular weight heparin–calibrated anti–factor Xa assay to assess the concentration of apixaban and rivaroxaban. Int J Lab Hematol. 2022;44(1):163–167. doi: 10.1111/ijlh.13692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandiver JW, Vondracek TG. Antifactor Xa levels versus activated partial thromboplastin time for monitoring unfractionated heparin. Pharmacotherapy: the Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2012;32(6):546–558. doi: 10.1002/j.1875-9114.2011.01049.x.
   Google Scholar
• Guervil DJ, Rosenberg AF, Winterstein AG, et al. Activated partial thromboplastin time versus hrombosis Xa heparin assay in monitoring unfractionated heparin by continuous intravenous infusion. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45(7-8):861–868. (hrombos 2023/10/02). doi: 10.1345/aph.1Q161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witt D, Traylor K, Babin J. Laboratory monitoring of Low-Molecular-Weight heparin and fondaparinux. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2017;43(3):261–269. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1581129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar