References
- Perheentupa J. Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 2843–50
- Collins SM, Dominguez M, Ilmarinen T, Costigan C, Irvine AD. Dermatological manifestations of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154: 1088–93
- Rautemaa R, Hietanen J, Niissalo S, Pirinen S, Perheentupa J. Oral and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a complication or component of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED, APS-I). Oral Oncol 2007; 43: 607–13
- Sitheeque MA, Samaranayake LP. Chronic hyperplastic candidosis/candidiasis (candidal leukoplakia). Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2003; 14: 253–67
- Fan-Havard P, Capano D, Smith SM, Mangia A, Eng RH. Development of resistance in candida isolates from patients receiving prolonged antifungal therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 2302–5
- Heald AE, Cox GM, Schell WA, Bartlett JA, Perfect JR. Oropharyngeal yeast flora and fluconazole resistance in HIV infected patients receiving long-term continuous versus intermittent fluconazole therapy. AIDS 1996; 10: 263–8
- Rex JH, Rinaldi MG, Pfaller MA. Resistance of Candida species to fluconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1–8
- Goldman M, Cloud GA, Smedema M, LeMonte A, Connolly P, McKinsey DS, et al. Does long-term itraconazole prophylaxis result in in vitro azole resistance in mucosal Candida albicans isolates from persons with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection? The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses study group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 1585–7
- Smith KJ, Warnock DW, Kennedy CT, Johnson EM, Hopwood V, van Cutsem J, van den Bossche H. Azole resistance in Candida albicans. J Med Vet Mycol 1986; 24: 133–44
- Rautemaa R, Richardson M, Pfaller M, Koukila-Kähkölä P, Perheentupa J, Saxén H. Decreased susceptibility of Candida albicans to azole antifungals: a complication of long-term treatment in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60: 889–92
- Johnson EM, Richardson MD, Warnock DW. In vitro resistance to imidazole antifungals in Candida albicans. J Antimicrob Chemother 1984; 13: 547–58
- Johnson EM, Warnock DW. Azole drug resistance in yeasts. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 36: 751–5
- Fothergill AW. Miconazole: a historical perspective. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2006; 4: 171–5
- Akins RA. An update on antifungal targets and mechanisms of resistance in Candida albicans. Med Mycol 2005; 43: 285–318
- Sanglard D, Odds FC. Resistance of Candida species to antifungal agents: molecular mechanisms and clinical consequences. Lancet Infect Dis 2002; 2: 73–85
- Kamai Y, Maebashi K, Kudoh M, Makimura K, Naka W, Uchida K, Yamaguchi H. Characterization of mechanisms of fluconazole resistance in a Candida albicans isolate from a Japanese patient with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Microbiol Immunol 2004; 48: 937–43
- Lamb DC, Kelly DE, Manning NJ, Kelly SL. Reduced intracellular accumulation of azole antifungal results in resistance in Candida albicans isolate NCPF 3363. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997; 147: 189–93
- Marichal P, Koymans L, Willemsens S, Bellens D, Verhasselt P, Luyten W, et al. Contribution of mutations in the cytochrome P450 14alpha-demethylase (Erg11p, Cyp51p) to azole resistance in Candida albicans. Microbiology 1999; 145: 2701–13