Recognition of Social Pain among Peers: Rethinking the Role of Bystanders in Bullying and Cyberbullying

References

• Allison, K. R., & Bussey, K. (2016). Cyber-bystanding in context: A review of the literature on witnesses’ responses to cyberbullying. Children and Youth Services Review, 65, 183–194. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.03.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett, J. J. (2014). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Atlas, R. S., & Pepler, D. J. (1998). Observations of bullying in the classroom. Journal of Educational Research, 92, 86–99. doi:10.1080/00220679809597580
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 193–209. doi:10.1207/pspr.1999.3.issue-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 364. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basham, K. (2016). Trauma theories and disorders. In J. Berzoff, L. M. Flanagan, & P. Hertz (Eds.), Inside out and outside in: Psychodynamic clinical theory and psychopathology in contemporary multicultural contexts (pp. 481–517). Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin, J. (2004). Beyond doer and done to: An intersubjective view of thirdness. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 73(1), 5–46. doi:10.1002/j.2167-4086.2004.tb00151.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin, J. (2013). The bonds of love: Psychoanalysis, feminism, & the problem of domination. New York, NY: Pantheon. (Original work published 1988).
   Google Scholar
• Booth, A., Granger, D. A., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2008). Gender- and Age-related differences in the association between social relationship quality and trait-levels of salivary cortisol. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18, 239–260. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2008.00559.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradshaw, C. P., Sawyer, A. L., & O’Brennan, L. M. (2007). Bullying and peer victimization at school: Perceptual differences between students and school staff. School Psychology Review, 36(3), 361–382.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, J. (2005). Giving an account of oneself. New York, NY: Fordham University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Byers, D. S. (2013). “Do they see nothing wrong with this?”: Bullying, bystander complicity, and the role of homophobic bias in the Tyler Clementi case. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 94(4), 251–258. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.4325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byers, D. S. (2016). Helping online and “in real life”: Prosocial moral reasoning among bystanders of cyberbullying and bullying in emerging adulthood ( Doctoral dissertation). Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Carney, J. V., Hazler, R. J., Oh, I., Hibel, L. C., & Granger, D. A. (2013). The relations between bullying exposures in middle childhood, anxiety and adrenocortical activity. Journal of School Violence, 9(2), 194–211. doi:10.1080/1538822090347602
   Google Scholar
• Carter, R. T., & Forsyth, J. (2010). Reactions to racial discrimination: Emotional stress and help-seeking behaviors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2(3), 183. doi:10.1037/a0020102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapell, M., Casey, D., De La Cruz, C., Ferrell, J., Forman, J., Lipkin, R., … Whittaker, S. (2004). Bullying in college by students and teachers. Adolescence, 39(153), 53–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Chaskin, R. J., Brown, P., Venkatesh, S., & Vidal, A. (Eds.). (2001). Building community capacity. Livingston, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Cozolino, L. (2014). The neuroscience of human relationships: Attachment and the developing social brain (Norton series on interpersonal neurobiology). New York, NY: WW Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Derrida, J. (1988). The politics of friendship. The Journal of Philosophy, 88(11), 632–644. doi:10.5840/jphil1988851110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dienstbier, R. A. (1989). Arousal and physiological toughness: Implications for mental and physical health. Psychological Review, 96(1), 84. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.96.1.84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dovidio, J. F. (1984). Helping behavior and altruism: An empirical and conceptual overview. Advances in Experimental and Social Psychology, 17, 361–427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1981). The effects of race, status, and ability on helping behavior. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44(3), 192–203. doi:10.2307/3033833
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., & Mussen, P. H. (1989). The roots of prosocial behavior in children. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberger, N. I., & Lieberman, M. D. (2004). Why rejection hurts: A common neural alarm system for physical and social pain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(7), 294–300. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrington, D. P., & Ttofi, M. M. (2009). School-based programs to reduce bullying and victimization. Campbell Systematic Reviews. doi:10.4073/csr.2009.6
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, P., Krueger, J. I., Greitemeyer, T., Vogrincic, C., Kastenmüller, A., Frey, D., … Kainbacher, M. (2011). The bystander-effect: A meta-analytic review on bystander intervention in dangerous and non-dangerous emergencies. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 517–537. doi:10.1037/a0023304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foderaro, L. W. (2010, September 29). Private moment made public, then a fatal jump. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07E6D91638F933A0575AC0A966 9D8B63
   Google Scholar
• Ford, K. A., & Malaney, V. K. (2012). “I now harbor more pride in my race”: The educational benefits of inter-and intraracial dialogues on the experiences of students of color and multiracial students. Equity & Excellence in Education, 45(1), 14–35. doi:10.1080/10665684.2012.643180
   Google Scholar
• Gini, G., Albiero, P., Benelli, B., & Altoe, G. (2008). Determinants of adolescents’ active defending and passive bystanding behavior in bullying. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 93–105. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (2009). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Livingston, NJ: Transaction Publishers. (Original work published 1967).
   Google Scholar
• Gunnar, M., & Quevedo, K. (2007). The neurobiology of stress and development. Annual Reviews Psychologist, 58, 145–173. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haag, A. M., & Chang, F. K. (1998). The impact of electronic networking on the lesbian and gay community. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 7(3), 83–94. doi:10.1300/J041v07n03_07
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, Å. M., Hogh, A., Persson, R., Karlson, B., Garde, A. H., & Ørbæk, P. (2006). Bullying at work, health outcomes, and physiological stress response. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60(1), 63–72. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, D. L., Pepler, D., & Craig, W. M. (2001). Peer interventions in playground bullying. Social Development, 10, 512–527. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrichs, M., Baumgartner, T., Kirschbaum, C., & Ehlert, U. (2003). Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortisol and subjective responses to psychosocial stress. Biological Psychiatry, 54(12), 1389–1398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holfeld, B. (2014). Perceptions and attributions of bystanders to cyber bullying. Computers in Human Behavior, 38, 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Just Us Boys Online Forum. (2010, September 21). Retrieved August 2012 by public access.
   Google Scholar
• Kliewer, W., Cunningham, J. N., Diehl, R., Parrish, K. A., Walker, J. M., Atiyeh, C., … Mejia, R. (2004). Violence exposure and adjustment in inner-city youth: Child and caregiver emotion regulation skill, caregiver–child relationship quality, and neighborhood cohesion as protective factor. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33(3), 477–487. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3303_5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knack, J. M., Gomez, H. L., & Jensen-Campbell, L. A. (2011). Bullying and its long-term health implications. In G. Macdonald, & L. A. Jensen-Campbell (Eds.), Social pain: Neuropsychological and health implications of loss and exclusion (pp. 215–236). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Kunstman, J. W., & Plant, A. (2008). Racing to help: Racial bias in high emergency helping situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(6), 1499–1510. doi:10.1037/a0012822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepore, S. J., Allen, K. A., & Evans, G. W. (1993). Social support lowers cardiovascular reactivity to an acute stressor. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55(6), 518–524. doi:10.1097/00006842-199311000-00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinas, E. (2013). Totality and infinity: An essay on exteriority. (A. Lingis, Trans.). Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press. (Original work published 1969).
   Google Scholar
• Lyons‐Ruth, K. (1999). The two‐person unconscious: Intersubjective dialogue, enactive relational representation, and the emergence of new forms of relational organization. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 19(4), 576–617. doi:10.1080/07351699909534267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna, K. Y., & Bargh, J. A. (1998). Coming out in the age of the Internet: Identity” demarginalization” through virtual group participation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(3), 681. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.681
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miehls, D., & Applegate, J. (2014). Introduction to neurobiology and clinical work. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 84(2–3), 145–156. doi:10.1080/00377317.2014.924707
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishna, F. (2007). Bullying and victimization: Transforming trauma through empowerment. In M. Bussey, & J. B. Wise (Eds.), Trauma transformed: An empowerment response (pp. 124–141). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mishna, F., & Sawyer, J. L. (2011). The trauma of bullying experiences. In S. Ringel, & J. R. Brandell (Eds.), Trauma: Contemporary directions in theory, practice, and research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery, A. (2013). Toward the integration of neuroscience and clinical social work. Journal of Social Work Practice, 27(3), 333–339. doi:10.1080/02650533.2013.818947
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, M. L., Holden, G. W., & Deville, Y. (2005). Isolation and the stress of being bullied. Journal of Adolescence, 283, 343–357. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connell, P., Pepler, D., & Craig, W. (1999). Peer involvement in bullying: Insights and challenges for intervention. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 437–452. doi:10.1006/jado.1999.0238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orange, D. M. (1995). Emotional understanding: Studies in psychoanalytic epistemology. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Padilla-Walker, L. M. (2015). Moral development during emerging adulthood. In J. J. Arnett (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of emerging adulthood (pp. 449–463). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, E., Riksen‐Walraven, J. M., Cillessen, A. H., & de Weerth, C. (2011). Peer rejection and HPA activity in middle childhood: Friendship makes a difference. Child Development, 82(6), 1906–1920. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01647.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piliavin, J. A., Dovidio, J., Gaertner, S., & Clark, R. D., III. (1981). Emergency intervention. New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Polanin, J. R., Espelage, D. L., & Pigott, T. D. (2012). A meta-analysis of school-based bullying prevention programs’ effects on bystander intervention behavior. School Psychology Review, 41, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, L., Greene, D., & House, P. (1977). The “false consensus effect”: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13, 279–301. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(77)90049-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Bjorkqvist, K., Osterman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 1–15. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1996)22:1<1::AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmivalli, C., Voeten, M., & Poskiparta, E. (2011). Bystanders matter: Associations between reinforcing, defending, and the frequency of bullying behavior in classrooms. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40(5), 668–676. doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.597090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sontag, S. (2003). Regarding the pain of others. New York, NY: Picador.
   Google Scholar
• Stolorow, R. D., & Atwood, G. E. (2014). Contexts of being: The intersubjective foundations of psychological life. (Vol. 12). New York, NY: Routledge. (Original work published 1992).
   Google Scholar
• Stolorow, R. D., Brandchaft, B., & Atwood, G. E. (1987). Psychoanalytic treatment: An intersubjective approach. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tedeshi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundation and empirical evidence. Philadelphia, PA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Twemlow, S. W., Fonagy, P., & Sacco, F. C. (2004). The role of the bystander in the social architecture of bullying and violence in schools and communities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1036(1), 215–232. doi:10.1196/annals.1330.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaillancourt, T., Clinton, J., McDougall, P., Schmidt, L. A., & Hymel, S. (2010). The neurobiology of peer victimization and rejection. In S. R. Jimerson, S. M. Swearer, & D. L. Espelage (Eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (pp. 293–304). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar