663
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Challenges in Providing Care for Parents of Transgender Youth during the Coronavirus Pandemic

&
Pages 85-114 | Received 07 Sep 2020, Accepted 14 Jan 2021, Published online: 25 Feb 2021

References

  • Ali, M. M., West, K., Teich, J. L., Lynch, S., Mutter, R., & Dubenitz, J. (2019). Utilization of mental health services in educational setting by adolescents in the United States. Journal of School Health, 89(5), 393–401. doi:10.1111/josh.12753
  • American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Committee on Telepsychiatry and Committee on Quality Issues. (2017). Clinical update: Telepsychiatry with children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(10), 875–893. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.07.008
  • American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Committee. (2018). Policy statement on conversion therapy. Retrieved from aacap.org/aacap/policy_statements/2018/Conversion_Therapy.aspx
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub. Washington, DC, USA: American Psychiatric Association.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2020). Telepsychiatry toolkit. Retrieved from https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/telepsychiatry/toolkit.
  • Berchick, E. R., Hood, E., & Barnett, J. C. (2019, November). Health insurance coverage in the United States: 2018 current population reports. The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2019/demo/p60-267.pdf
  • Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 16(3), 252–260. doi:10.1037/h0085885
  • Burns, B. J., Costello, E. J., Angold, A., Tweed, D., Stangl, D., Farmer, E. M., & Erkanli, A. (1995). Children’s mental health service use across service sectors. Health Affairs, 14(3), 147–159. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.14.3.147
  • Cole, B. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on access to health care. National Academy of Social Insurance. Health Policy Brief, 17, 1–31. Retrieved from https://www.nasi.org/sites/default/files/research/Brief%20-%20Pandemic’s%20Impact%20on%20Access%20to%20Care.pdf
  • Coolhart, D. (2018). Helping families move from distress to attunement. In C. K.-M. D. Ehrensaft (Ed.), The gender affrmative model: An interdisciplinary approach to supporting transgender and gender expansive children (pp. 125–140). Washington, DC, USA: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/0000095-008
  • Coolhart, D., & Shipman, D. L. (2017). Working toward family attunement: Family therapy with transgender and gender-nonconforming children and adolescents. Psychiatric Clinics, 40(1), 113–125. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2016.10.002
  • Dantchev, S., Hickman, M., Heron, J., Zammit, S., & Wolke, D. (2019). The independent and cumulative effects of sibling and peer bullying in childhood on depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and self-harm in adulthood. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00651
  • Dantchev, S., & Wolke, D. (2019). Trouble in the nest: Antecedents of sibling bullying victimization and perpetration. Developmental Psychology, 55(5), 1059–1071. doi:10.1037/dev0000700
  • Day, J. K., Fish, J. N., Perez-Brumer, A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Russell, S. T. (2017). Transgender youth substance use disparities: Results from a population-based sample. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(6), 729–735. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.06.024
  • Drescher, J. (2009). Queer diagnoses: Parallels and contrasts in the history of homosexuality, gender variance, and the diagnostic and statistical manual. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(2), 427–460. doi:10.1007/s10508-009-9531-5
  • Durwood, L., McLaughlin, K. A., & Olson, K. R. (2017). Mental health and self-worth in socially transitioned transgender youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(2), 116–123.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.10.016
  • Edwards-Leeper, L. (2017). Affirmative care of TGNC children and adolescents. In A. Singh & L. M. dickey (Eds.), Perspectives on sexual orientation and diversity. Affirmative counseling and psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming clients (pp. 119–141). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/14957-006
  • Flückiger, C., Del Re, A. C., Wampold, B. E., & Horvath, A. O. (2018). The alliance in adult psychotherapy: A meta-analytic synthesis. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 316–340. doi:10.1037/pst0000172
  • Garofalo, R., Deleon, J., Osmer, E., Doll, M., & Harper, G. W. (2006). Overlooked, misunderstood and at-risk: Exploring the lives and HIV risk of ethnic minority male-to-female transgender youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(3), 230–236. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.03.023
  • Golberstein, E., Wen, H., & Miller, B. F. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mental health for children and adolescents. Journal of the American Medical Association Pediatrics, 174(9), 819–820. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1456
  • Green, A. E., Price-Feeney, M., & Dorison, S. H. (2019). National estimate of LGBTQ youth seriously considering suicide. New York, NY: The Trevor Project.
  • Gridley, S. J., Crouch, J. M., Evans, Y., Eng, W., Antoon, E., Lyapustina, M., … Breland, D. J. (2016). Youth and caregiver perspectives on barriers to gender-affirming health care for transgender youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59(3), 254–261. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.03.017
  • Grossman, A. H., D'Augelli, A. R., & Frank, J. A. (2011). Aspects of psychological resilience among transgender youth. Journal of LGBT youth, 8(2), 103–115.
  • Grossman, A. H., & D’Augelli, A. R. (2007). Transgender youth and life-threatening behaviors. Suicide & Life-threatening Behavior, 37(5), 527–537. doi:10.1521/suli.2007.37.5.527
  • Haas, A. P., Rodgers, P. L., & Herman, J. (2014). Suicide attempts among transgender and gender non-conforming adults: Findings of the national transgender discrimination survey. New York, NY: American Foundation for Suicide Prevention & The Williams Institute.
  • Hendricks, M. L., & Testa, R. J. (2012). A conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender nonconforming clients: An adaptation of the minority stress model. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 43(5), 460–467. doi:10.1037/a0029597
  • Hidalgo, M. A., Ehrensaft, D., Tishelman, A. C., Clark, L. F., Garofalo, R., Rosenthal, S. M., … Olson, J. (2013). The gender affirmative model: What we know and what we aim to learn. Human Development, 56(5), 285–290. doi:10.1159/000355235
  • James, S., Herman, J., Rankin, S., Keisling, M., Mottet, L., & Ana, M. (2016). The report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality. Retrieved from https://transequality.org/sites/default/fles/docs/usts/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf
  • Kilbourne, A. M., Switzer, G., Hyman, K., Crowley-Matoka, M., & Fine, M. J. (2006). Advancing health disparities research within the health care system: a conceptual framework. American journal of public health, 96(12), 2113–2121.
  • Killgore, W. D., Taylor, E. C., Cloonan, S. A., & Dailey, N. S. (2020). Psychological resilience during the COVID-19 lockdown. Psychiatry Research, 113216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113216
  • Lipari, R. N., Hedden, S., Blau, G., & Rubenstein, L. (2016). Adolescent mental health service use and reasons for using services in specialty, educational, and general medical settings. In The CBHSQ Report. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US).
  • McLaughlin, R. J., & Sharp, R. N. (2018). Working with parents and caregivers when conflicts arise. In C. K.-M. D. Ehrensaft (Ed.), The gender affrmative model: An interdisciplinary approach to supporting transgender and gender expansive children (pp. 157–172). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
  • Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2005). Education, learned effectiveness and health. London Review of Education, 3(3), 205–220. doi:10.1080/14748460500372366
  • Nath, A. (2020). Neurologic complications of coronavirus infections. Neurology, 94(19), 809–810. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000009455
  • Norcross, J. C., & Wampold, B. E. (2011). Evidence-based therapy relationships: Research conclusions and clinical practices. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 98–102. doi:10.1037/a0022161
  • NYT, COVID in the U.S: Latest Map and Case Count, Nov. 29, 2020.
  • NYT, COVID World Map: Tracking the Global Outbreak, Nov. 29, 2020.
  • Olezeski, C. L., & Bamatter, W. P. (2020). Minority stress and the impact of acceptance. In M. Forcier, G. Van Schalkwyk, & J. Turban (Eds.), Pediatric gender identity(pp. 63-79). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38909-3_5
  • Olezeski, C. L., & Kamody, R. C. (2020). Parents matter: Considering evidence-based relationship variables within families when working with gender expansive youth. Practice Innovations, 5(3), 218–229. In Press. doi:10.1037/pri0000131
  • Olson, J., Schrager, S. M., Belzer, M., Simons, L. K., & Clark, L. F. (2015). Baseline physiologic and psychosocial characteristics of transgender youth seeking care for gender dysphoria. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(4), 374–380. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.04.027
  • Paredes, M. R., Apaolaza, V., Fernandez-Robin, C., Hartmann, P., & Yañez-Martinez, D. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on subjective mental well-being: The interplay of perceived threat, future anxiety and resilience. Personality and Individual Differences, 170, 110455. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110455
  • Pearlin, L. I., Menaghan, E. G., Lieberman, M. A., & Mullan, J. T. (1981). The stress process. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22(12), 337–356. doi:10.2307/2136676
  • Rafferty, J. (2018). Ensuring comprehensive care and support for transgender and gender- diverse children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 142(4), e20182162. doi:10.1542/peds.2018-2162
  • Rogers, J. P., Chesney, E., Oliver, D., Pollak, T. A., McGuire, P., Fusar-Poli, P., … Davis, A. S. (2020). Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry, 7(7), 611–627. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0
  • Ross, C. E., & Mirowsky, J. (1989). Explaining the social patterns of depression: Control and problem-solving - or support and talking. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30(2), 206–219. doi:10.2307/2137014
  • Ryan, C. (2010). Engaging families to support lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: The family acceptance project. Prevention Researcher, 17(4), 11–13.
  • Ryan, C., Russell, S. T., Huebner, D. M., Diaz, R., & Sanchez, J. (2009). Family acceptance in adolescence and the health of LGBT young adults. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 23(4), 205–213. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2010.00246.x
  • Simons, L., Schrager, S. M., Clark, L. F., Belzer, M., & Olson, J. (2013). Parental support and mental health among transgender adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(6), 791–793. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.07.019
  • Simpson, S. G., & Reid, C. L. (2014). Therapeutic alliance in videoconferencing psychotherapy: A review. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 22(6), 280–299. doi:10.1111/ajr.12149
  • Singh, A., Meng, S. E., & Hansen, A. W. (2014). I am my own gender: Resilience strategies of trans youth. Journal of Counseling and Development, 92(2), 202–218. doi:10.1002/j.1555-6676.2014.00150.x
  • Smith, K., Ostinelli, E., MacDonald, O., & Cipriani, A. (2020, August). COVID-19 and telepsychiatry: Development of evidence-based guidance for clinicians. JMIR Mental Health, 7(8), e21108. doi:10.2196/21108
  • Spack, N. P., Edwards-Leeper, L., Feldman, H. A., Leibowitz, S., Mandel, F., Diamond, D. A., & Vance, S. R. (2012). Children and adolescents with gender identity disorder referred to a pediatric Medical Center. Pediatrics, 129(3), 418–425. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-0907
  • Spivey, L. A., & Edwards-Leeper, L. (2019). Future directions in affirmative psychological interventions with transgender children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 48(2), 343–356. doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1534207
  • Stoll, J., & Trachsel, M. (2019). Ethical aspects of online psychotherapy. The Oxford Handbook of Psychotherapy Ethics. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198817338.013.64
  • Strang, J. F., Meagher, H., Kenworthy, L., deVries, A. L. C., Menvielle, E., Leibowitz, S., … Anthony, L. G. (2018). Initial clinical guidelines for co-occurring autism spectrum disorder and gender dysphoria or incongruence in adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47(1), 105–115. doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1228462
  • Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). A practitioners’ resource guide: Helping families to support their LGBT children. HHS Publication No. PEP14-LGBTKIDS. Rockville, MD: Author.
  • Testa, R. J., Habarth, J., Peta, J., Balsam, K., & Bockting, W. (2015). Development of the gender minority stress and resilience measure. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(1), 65–77. doi:10.1037/sgd0000081
  • Torres, C. G., Renfrew, M., Kenst, K., Tan-McGrory, A., Betancourt, J. R., & López, L. (2015). Improving transgender health by building safe clinical environments that promote existing resilience: Results from a qualitative analysis of providers. BMC Pediatrics, 15(1). doi:10.1186/s12887-015-0505-6
  • Vindegaard, N., & Erikson Benros, M. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 89(2020), 531–542). doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048
  • Wallien, M. S., Swaab, H., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2007). Psychiatric comorbidity among children with gender identity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(10), 1307–1314. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181373848
  • Where Christian churches, other religions stand on gay marriage. (2020, July 27). Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/12/21/where-christian-churches-stand-on-gay-marriage/

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.