825
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Why Gun Control Reform Is So Difficult: A Latent Class Analysis of Gun Policy Preferences

References

  • Babwin, Don. 2018. “Illinois Counties Declare ‘Sanctuary’ Status for Gun Owners.” Chicago Tribune, May 7. https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-illinois-gun-sanctuary-counties-20180506-story.html.
  • Baker, Wayne E. 2004. America’s Crisis of Values. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Bordua, D. J., and A J. Lizotte. 1979. “Patterns of Legal Firearms Ownership: A Cultural and Situational Analysis of Illinois Counties.” Law & Policy 1(2):147–75. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9930.1979.tb00184.x.
  • Carlson, Jennifer, Kristin A. Goss, and Harel Shapira. 2019. “Introduction: New Approaches to Research on Guns.” Pp. 1–8 in Gun Studies: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Politics, Policy and Practice, edited by J. Carlson, K. A. Goss, and H. Shapira. New York, NY: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Cassino, Dan, and Yasemin Besen-Cassino. 2020. “Sometimes (But Not This Time), a Gun is Just a Gun: Masculinity Threat and Guns in the United States, 1999–2018.” Sociological Forum 35(1):5–23. doi: 10.1111/socf.12565.
  • Celinska, Katarzyna. 2007. “Individualism and Collectivism in America: The Case of Gun Ownership and Attitudes Toward Gun Control.” Sociological Perspectives 50(2):229–47. doi: 10.1525/sop.2007.50.2.229.
  • DiMaggio, Paul, John Evans, and Bethany Bryson. 1996. “Have American’s Social Attitudes Become More Polarized?” The American Journal of Sociology 102(3):690–755. doi: 10.1086/230995.
  • Dimock, Michael. 2012. “December 2012 Gun Control Survey” Pew Research Center for the People & the Press. https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/dataset/december-2012-gun-policy-survey/.
  • Dixon, Jo, and A J. Lizotte. 1987. “Gun Ownership and the Southern Subculture of Violence.” The American Journal of Sociology 93(2):383–405. doi: 10.1086/228749.
  • Dowd-Arrow, Benjamin, T D. Hill, and A M. Burdette. 2021. “Introduction to the Special Issue on ‘Guns and Society.’” Sociological Inquiry 91(2):249–52. doi: 10.1111/soin.12422.
  • Ellison, Christopher G. 1991. “Southern Culture and Firearms Ownership.” Social Science Quarterly 72(3):267–83.
  • Filindra, A., N J. Kaplan, and B E. Buyuker. 2021. “Racial Resentment or Sexism? White Americans’ Outgroup Attitudes as Predictors of Gun Ownership and NRA Membership.” Sociological Inquiry 91(2):253–86. doi: 10.1111/soin.12388.
  • Fiorina, Morris P. 2005. Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America. New York: Pearson Longman.
  • Follman, Mark. 2015. “No, There Has Not Been a Mass Shooting Every Day This Year.” Mother Jones, December 18. https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/12/no-there-were-not-355-mass-shootings-this-year/.
  • Frank, Thomas. 2004. What’s Wrong with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America. New York: Henry Holt.
  • Goodwin, Jeff, and James M. Jasper, eds. 2009. The Social Movements Reader: Cases and Concepts. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Goss, Kristin A. 2006. Disarmed: The Missing Movement for Gun Control in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Goss, Kristin A. 2019. “Whatever Happened to the ‘Missing Movement’? Gun Control Politics over Two Decades of Change.” Pp. 136–50 in Gun Studies: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Politics, Policy, and Practice, edited by J. Carlson, K. A. Goss, and H. Shapira. New York: Routledge.
  • Grinshteyn, Erin, and David Hemenway. 2016. “Violent Death Rates: The US Compared with Other High-Income OECD Countries, 2010.” The American Journal of Medicine 129(3):266–73. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025.
  • Haider-Markel, Donald P., and Josyln Mark R. 2001. “Gun Policy, Opinion, Tragedy, and Blame Attribution: The Conditional Influence of Issue Frames.” The Journal of Politics 63(2):520–43. doi: 10.1111/0022-3816.00077.
  • Haner, Murat, F T. Cullen, Cheryl Lero Jonson, A L. Burton, and T C. Kulig. 2019. “Price of Liberty or Never Again: Americans’ Views on Preventing Mass Murder.” Justice Evaluation Journal 2(1):50–72. doi: 10.1080/24751979.2019.1569474.
  • Harris, Adam. 2018. “The Media’s Week-Long Attention Span for a Mass Shooting.” The Atlantic, November 15. https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2018/11/how-long-does-media-cover-mass-shootings/575926/.
  • Hempel, L. M., Todd Matthews, and John Bartkowski. 2012. “Trust in a “Fallen World”: The Case of Protestant Theological Conservatism.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 51(3):522–41. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01662.x.
  • Hepburn, Lisa, Matthew Miller, Deborah Azrael, and David Hemenway. 2007. “The U.S. Gun Stock: Results from the 2004 National Firearms Survey.” Injury Prevention 13(1):15–19. doi: 10.1136/ip.2006.013607.
  • Hofstadter, Richard. 1970. “America as a Gun Culture.” American Heritage 21(6): 82–85.
  • Hornung Johanna, Nils C. Bandelow, Colette S. Vogeler. 2019. “Social Identities in the Policy Process.” Policy Sciences 52(2):211–31. doi: 10.1007/s11077-018-9340-6.
  • Horwitz, Joshua, and Casey Anderson. 2009. Guns Democracy and the Insurrectionist Idea. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Hunter, James Davison. 1994. Before the Shooting Begins: Searching for Democracy in America’s Culture War. New York: New York Free Press.
  • Kleck, Gary. 1996. “Crime, Culture Conflict and the Sources of Support for Gun Control.” The American Behavioral Scientist 39(4):387–404. doi: 10.1177/0002764296039004004.
  • Kleck, Gary, and Tomislav Kovandzic. 2009. “City-Level Characteristics and Individual Handgun Ownership City-Level Characteristics and Individual Handgun Ownership: Effects of Collective Security and Homicide, Effects of Collective Security and Homicide.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 25(1):45–66. doi: 10.1177/1043986208329085.
  • Klinkner, Phillip. A. 2006. “Mr. Bush’s War: Foreign Policy in the 2004 Election.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 36(2):281–96. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.00303.x.
  • Knight, Brian. 2013. “State Gun Policy and Cross-State Externalities: Evidence from Crime Gun Tracing.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 5(4):200–29. doi: 10.1257/pol.5.4.200.
  • Layman, Geoffrey. 1997. “Religion and Political Behavior in the United States: The Impact on Beliefs, Affiliation and Commitment from 1980 to 1994.” Public Opinion Quarterly 61(2):288–316. doi: 10.1086/297796.
  • Legault, Richard L., and Jeffrey Lewis. 2009. “Caught in a Crossfire: Legal and Illegal Gun Ownership in America.” Pp. 469–91 in Handbook on Crime and Deviance, edited by M. D. Krohn, A. J. Lizotte, and G. P. Hall. New York: Springer.
  • Linzer, D A., and J B. Lewis. 2011. “poLca: An R Package for Polytomous Variable Latent Class Analysis.” Journal of Statistical Software 42(10):1–29. doi: 10.18637/jss.v042.i10.
  • Little, Robert E., and Ronald E. Vogel. 1992a. “Handgun Ownership and the Religion Factor.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 22(23):1871–77. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00982.x.
  • Little, Robert E., and Ronald E. Vogel. 1992b. “HandgunOwnership and the Religion Factor.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 22(23):1871–77. doi: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00982.x.
  • Ludwig, Jens. 2017. “Reducing Gun Violence in America.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(46):12097–99. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1717306114.
  • Marciniak, Liz Marie, and Colin Loftin. 1991. “Measuring Protective Handgun Ownership.” Criminology 29(3):531–40. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1991.tb01078.x.
  • Mauser, Gary A., and Michael Margolis. 1992. “The Politics of Gun Control: Comparing Canadian and American Patterns.” Enviornment and Planning: Government and Policy 10(2):189–209. doi: 10.1068/c100189.
  • McAdam, Doug. 1999. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • McCarthy, John D., and Mayer N. Zald. 1977. “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory.” The American Journal of Sociology 82(6):1212–41. doi: 10.1086/226464.
  • Melzer, Scott. 2009. Gun Crusaders: The Nra’s Culture War. New York: NYU Press.
  • Melzer, Scott. 2019. “Fighting the Left and Leading the Right: NRA Politics and Power Through the 2016 Elections.” Pp. 117–34 in Gun Studies: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Politics, Policy, and Practice, edited by J. Carlson, K. A. Goss, and H. Shapira. New York: Routledge.
  • Mencken, F. Carson, and Paul Froese. 2019. “Gun Culture in Action.” Social Problems 66(1):3–27. doi: 10.1093/socpro/spx040.
  • Merino, Stephen M. 2018. “God and Guns: Examining Religious Influences on Gun Control Attitudes in the United States.” Religions 9(6):189. doi: 10.3390/rel9060189.
  • Miller, Alan S., and John P. Hoffman. 1999. “The Growing Divisiveness: Culture Wars or a War of Words.” Social Forces 78(2):721–52. doi: 10.2307/3005573.
  • Nisbett, Richard E., and Dov Cohen. 1996. Culture of Honor: The Psychology of Violence in the South. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Novella, Steven. 2018. “Gun Violence as a Public Health Issue – Science-Based Medicine.” Science Based Medicine, February 21. https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/gun-violence-as-a-public-health-issue/.
  • Pew Research Center. 2012. After Newtown, Modest Change in Opinion about Gun Control: Most Say Assault Weapons Make Nation More Dangerous. The Pew Research Center: For the People & the Press, December 20. https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2012/12/20/after-newtown-modest-change-in-opinion-about-gun-control/.
  • Pfaffendorf, Jessica., Andrew P. Davis, and Alexander B. Kinney. 2021. “Masculinity, Ritual, and Racialized Status Threat: Examining Mass Shooter Manifestos Using Structural Topic Models.” Sociological Inquiry 91(2):287–312. doi: 10.1111/soin.12409.
  • Phillips, Kristine. 2017. “‘No More Powerful Ally Than the NRA’: Group Names Itself Leader of Trump’s #counterresistance.” The Washington Post, February 23 https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/02/23/no-more-powerful-ally-than-the-nra-group-names-itself-leader-of-trumps-counterresistance/.
  • Shapiro, Robert Y, and Mahajan Harpreet. 1986. “Gender Differences in Policy Preferences: A Summary of Trends from the 1960s to the 1980s.” Public Opinion Quarterly 50(1):42–61. doi: 10.1086/268958.
  • Sheley, J.F., C.J. Brody, and J.D. Wright. 1994. “Women and Handguns: Evidence from National Surveys, 1973–1991.” Social Science Research 32(3):42–61. doi: 10.1006/ssre.1994.1009.
  • Smith, Christian. 2003. Moral, Believing Animals: Human Personhood and Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Smith, Tom W. 1980. “The 75% Solution: An Analysis of the Structure of Attitudes on Gun Control 1959–1977.” Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 71(3):300–16. doi: 10.2307/1142702.
  • Snow, David A., and Sarah Anne Soule. 2010. A Primer on Social Movements. New York: W. W. Norton.
  • Spitzer, Robert J. 2004. The Politics of Gun Control. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
  • Stets, Jan E. 2006. “Identity Theory.” Pp. 88–110 in Contemporary Social Psychological Theories, edited by P. J. Burke. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press,
  • Stroope, Samuel, and Joshua C. Tom. 2017. “In-Home Firearm Access Among US Adolescents and the Role of Religious Subculture: Results from a Nationally Representative Study.” Social Science Research 67:147–59. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.06.001.
  • Swidler, Ann. 1986. “Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies.” American Sociological Review 51(2):273. doi: 10.2307/2095521.
  • Thebault, Reis, and Danielle Rindler. 2021. “Shootings Never Stopped During the Pandemic: 2020 Was the Deadliest Gun Violence Year in Decades.” The Washington Post, March 23. https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/03/23/2020-shootings/
  • Turner, Jonathan H., and Jan E. Stets. 2005. The Sociology of Emotions. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Weinberger, Steven E., David B. Hoyt, Hoyt Hal C. Lawrence, Saul Levin, Douglas E. Henley, Errol R. Alden, Dean Wilkerson, George C. Benjamin, and William C. Hubbard. 2015. “Firearm-Related Injury and Death in the United States: A Call to Action from 8 Health Professional Organizations and the American Bar Association.” Annals of Internal Medicine 162(7):513. doi: 10.7326/M15-0337.
  • Whitehead, Andrew L., and Samuel L. Perry. 2020. Taking America Back for God: Christian Nationalism in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Whitehead, Andrew L., Samuel L. Perry, and Joseph O. Baker. 2018. “Make America Christian Again: Christian Nationalism and Voting for Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential Election.” Sociology of Religion 79(2):147–71. doi: 10.1093/socrel/srx070.
  • Whitehead, Andrew L., Landon Schnabel, and Samuel L. Perry. 2018. “Gun Control in the Crosshairs: Christian Nationalism and Opposition to Stricter Gun Laws.” Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 4:1–13. doi:10.1177/2378023118790189.
  • Wolpert, Robin M., and James G. Gimpel. 1998. “Self Interest, Symbolic Politics and Public Attitudes Toward Gun Control.” Political Behavior 20(3):241–62. doi: 10.1023/A:1024814624070.
  • Wuthnow, Robert. 1987. Meaning and Moral Order: Explorations in Cultural Analysis. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Yamane, David. 2016. “Awash in a Sea of Faith and Firearms: Rediscovering the Connection Between Religion and Gun Ownership in America.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 55(3):622–36. doi: 10.1111/jssr.12282.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.