Examining the Reach of Color Blindness: Ideological Flexibility, Frame Alignment, and Legitimacy among Racially Conservative and Extremist Organizations

References

• Adams, Josh, and Vincent Roscigno. 2005. “White Supremacist, Oppositional Culture and the World Wide Web.” Social Forces 84(2):759–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amenta, Edwin, Neal Caren, and James Stobaugh. 2012. “Political Reform and the Historical Trajectories of the U.S. Social Movements in the Twentieth Century.” Social Forces 90(4):1073–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Civil Rights Institute (ACRI). 2004. “Florida Update: Court Strikes Down Racial Preferences in Contracting.” The Egalitarian 7(2):4.
   Google Scholar
• American Civil Rights Institute (ACRI). 2015. “About ACRI.” Retrieved December 15, 2015 (http://acri.org/about-acri/).
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, Kenneth, and Michael Briggs. 2006. “The Dynamics of Protest Diffusion: Movement Organization, Social Networks and News Media in the 1960 Sit-ins.” American Sociological Review 71(5):752–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, Kenneth, and Bob Edwards. 2004. “Advocacy Organizations in the U.S. Political Process.” Annual Review of Sociology 30:479–506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anti-Defamation League (ADL). 2015. “Symbols Guide for Law Enforcement.” Retrieved December 17, 2015 (http://www.adl.org/mobilehatesymbols/symbol-24.html).
   Google Scholar
• Bail, Christopher. 2012. “The Fringe Effect: Civil Society Organizations and the Evolution of Media Disclosure about Islam since the September 11th Attacks.” American Sociological Review 77(6):855–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgartner, Frank, and Bryan Jones. 1993. Agendas and Instability in American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benford, Robert D., and David A. Snow. 2000. “Framing Processes and Social Movements.” Annual Review of Sociology 26:611–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berbrier, Mitch. 1999. “Impression Management for the Thinking Racist: A Case Study of Intellectualization as Stigma Transformation in Contemporary White Supremacist Discourse.” Sociological Quarterly 40:411–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berbrier, Mitch. 2002. “Making Minorities: Cultural Space, Stigma Transformation Frames, and the Categorical Status Claims of Deaf, Gay and White Supremacist Activists in Late Twentieth Century America.” Sociological Forum 17(4):553–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, Bennett. 1981. The Survival of a Counterculture: Ideological Work and Everyday Life among Rural Communards. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction.
   Google Scholar
• Berrey, Ellen. 2015. The Enigma of Diversity: The Language of Race and the Limits of Justice. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blee, Kathleen. 2002. Inside Organized Racism: Women in the Hate Movement. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blum, Edward. 2001. “Paving Over Civil Rights: Bush and Ashcroft Fail the First Test.” The Egalitarian, September:4.
   Google Scholar
• Blumer, Herbert. 1958. “Race, Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position.” Pacific Sociological Review 1:3–7.
   Google Scholar
• Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 2001. White Supremacy and Racism in the Post-Civil Rights Era. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
   Google Scholar
• Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. 2013. Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and Racial Inequality in Contemporary America. 4th ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Borelli, Deneen. 2008. “Diversity Doesn’t Need to Be Forced,” The Egalitarian, January 2008:1, 5.
   Google Scholar
• Brame, Wendy, and Thomas Shriver. 2008. “The National-Level Interface of Social Control: The Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Winston-Salem Branch of the Black Panther Party.” Journal of Political and Military Sociology 36(2):247–68.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll, William, and R.S. Ratner. 1999. “Media Strategies and Political Projects: A Comparative Study of Social Movements.” Canadian Journal of Sociology 24:1–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, Patricia Hill. 2000. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Conner, Deirdre, Matt Galnor, Timothy J. Gibbons, Diana Middleton, Tia Mitchell, Mary Kelli Palka, Steve Patterson, Paul Pinkham, Judy Wells, and Mark Woods. 2008. “Living with Racism: Black, White, Human: Barack Obama’s Recent Speech Stirs Memories of Past and Present Experiences with Prejudice.” Florida Times, March 22:A1.
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham, David, and Barb Browning. 2004. “The Emergence of Worthy Targets: Official Frames and Deviance Narratives within the FBI.” Sociological Forum 19(3):347–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmond, Matthew, and Mustafa Emirbayer. 2009. “What Is Racial Domination?” Du Bois Review 6(2):335–55.
   Google Scholar
• DiMaggio, Paul, and Walter Powell. 1983. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.” American Sociological Review 48(2):147–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doane, Ashley. 2007. “The Changing Politics of Color-Blind Racism.” Pp. 159–74 in Research in Race and Ethnic Relations. Vol. 14: The New Black: Alternative Paradigms and Strategies for the 21st Century, edited by R. Coates and R. Dennis. Brentwood, TN: Howard Books.
   Google Scholar
• Dobbin, Frank, John Sutton, John Meyer, and Richard Scott. 1993. “Equal Opportunity Law and the Construction of Internal Labor Markets.” American Journal of Sociology 99:396–427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobratz, Betty, and Stephanie Shanks-Meile. 1997. “White Power, White Pride!” The White Separatist Movement in the United States. New York: Twayne.
   Google Scholar
• Ebert, Kim, Emily Estrada, and Michelle Halla Lore. 2014. “When Organizations Matter: Threatening Demographics, Supportive Politics, and Immigration Lawmaking.” Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 11(2):387–417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrenfreund, Max. 2015. “What Social Science Tells Us about Racism in the Republican Party.” Retrieved February 4, 2016 (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/12/11/what-social-science-tells-us-about-racism-in-the-republican-party/).
   Google Scholar
• Fattah, Geoffrey. 2007. “Utah Intent on Keeping Supremacists Out.” Desert Morning News, April 30:1
   Google Scholar
• Ferree, Myra Marx, Jurgen Gerhards, William Gamson, Dieter Rucht. 2002. Shaping Abortion Discourse: Democracy and the Public Sphere in Germany and the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fine, Michelle, and Lois Weiss. 1998. The Unknown City: The Lives of Poor and Working Class Young Adults. Boston: Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Forman, Tyrone A., and Amanda E. Lewis. 2006. “Racial Apathy and Hurricane Katrina: The Social Anatomy of Prejudice in the Post-Civil Rights Era.” Du Bois Review 3(1):175–202.
   Google Scholar
• Gale Research Co. 1959– 2010. Encyclopedia of Associations: National Organizations of the U.S. Detroit.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, Charles. 2003. “Color-Blind Privilege: The Social and Political Functions of Erasing the Color Line in Post Race America.” Race, Gender and Class 10(4):22–37.
   Google Scholar
• Gamson, William A., and Andrew Modigliani. 1987. “The Changing Culture of Affirmative Action.” Research in Political Sociology 3:137–77.
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, Erving. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
   Google Scholar
• Goffman, Erving. 1974. Frame Analysis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Griego, Tina. 2004. “Racists Target City with Moronic Message.” Rocky Mountain News, March 29:7A.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, Matthew. 2007. “Ballot Initiative Targets Nebraska: The Leader of Efforts against Affirmative Action at Other Public Universities Says His Group Plans a Petition Drive.” Omaha World Herald, October 14: 1B.
   Google Scholar
• Harnois, Catherine. 2012. “Sociological Research on Feminism and the Women’s Movement: Ideology, Identity, and Practice.” Sociology Compass 6(10):823–32.
   Google Scholar
• Hilgartner, Stephen, and Charles Bosk. 1988. “The Rise and Fall of Social Problems.” American Journal of Sociology 94:53–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoberock, Barbara. 2007. “Activist Brings Debate to State.” Tulsa World, September 16:A21
   Google Scholar
• Holthouse, David. 2009. “Erich Gliebe’s Neo-Nazi National Alliance, Ridiculed by Online Community.” Retrieved August 30, 2015 (https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2009/erich-gliebe%E2%80%99s-neo-nazi-national-alliance-ridiculed-online-community).
   Google Scholar
• Jackman, Mary R. 1994. The Velvet Glove: Paternalism and Conflict in Gender, Class, and Race Relations. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, Ronald, and Eleanor Townsley. 2011. The Space of Opinion: Media Intellectuals and the Public Sphere. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Khadaroo, Stacy Teicher. 2008. “New Drive to Ban Race Preferences.” Christian Science Monitor, July 3:1.
   Google Scholar
• Kimmel, Michael. 2015. Angry White Men: American Masculinity at the End of an Era. New York: Nation Books.
   Google Scholar
• King, Brayden. 2011. “The Tactical Disruptiveness of Social Movements: Sources of Market and Mediated Disruption in Corporate Boycotts.” Social Problems 58(4):491–517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, Mike. 2015. “The ‘Knockout Game’: Moral Panic and the Politics of White Victimhood.” Race and Class 56(4):85–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koopmans, Rudd, and Susan Olzak. 2004. “Discursive Opportunities and the Evolution of Right-Wing Violence in Germany.” American Journal of Sociology 110:198–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse, Michael. 2005. “Appeal for Katrina Aid Carries an Ugly Message.” St. Petersburg Times, September 14:1
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, Amanda. 2004. “’What Groups?’ Studying Whites and Whiteness in the Era of ‘Color-Blindness.’” Sociological Theory 22(4):623–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messer, Chris M., Alison E. Adams, and Thomas E. Shriver. 2012. “Corporate Frame Failure and the Erosion of Elite Legitimacy.” Sociological Quarterly 53(3):475–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messer, Chris, and Thomas Shriver. 2009. “Corporate Responses to Environmental Misconduct: The Case of Phelps Dodge and Blackwell Oklahoma.” Deviant Behavior 30:647–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minkoff, Debra. 1995. “Interorganizational Influences on the Founding of African American Organizations.” Sociological Forum 10:51–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Alliance (NA). 2011. “What Is National Alliance?” Retrieved September 23, 2011 (http://www.natvan.com/what-is-na/na7.html).
   Google Scholar
• National Association for the Advancement of White People (NAAWP). “NAAWP Beliefs.” Retrieved August 8, 2005 (http://www.naawp.org).
   Google Scholar
• National Association for the Advancement of White People (NAAWP). 1999. “State of the NAAWP.” Newsletter, October 9. Retrieved August 8, 2005 (http://www.naawp.org).
   Google Scholar
• National Association for the Advancement of White People (NAAWP). 2001. “State of the NAAWP Updates.” Newsletter, April. Retrieved August 8, 2005 (http://www.naawp.org).
   Google Scholar
• Noakes, John. 2000. “Official Frames in Social Movement Theory: The FBI, HUAC, and the Communist Threat in Hollywood.” Sociological Quarterly 41(4):657–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamoto, Diana. 2006. “Institutional Panethnicity: Boundary Formation in Asian American Organizing.” Social Forces 85:1–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omi, Michael, and Howard Winant. 1994. Racial Formation in the United States: From the1960s to the 1990s. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pierce, William Luther, and Andrew MacDonald. 1978. The Turner Diaries. Fort Lee, NJ: William Luther Pierce.
   Google Scholar
• Potok, Mark. 2013. “In a Near-Final Collapse, the Neo-Nazi National Alliance Ends Membership. Retrieved December 15, 2015 (https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2013/09/25/near-final-collapse-neo-nazi-national-alliance-ends-membership).
   Google Scholar
• Rieder, Jonathan. 1985. Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn against Liberalism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rochford, E. Burke. 1985. Hare Krishna in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schwalbe, Michael. 2007. The Sociologically Examined Life: Pieces of the Conversation. 4th ed. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.
   Google Scholar
• Snow, David. 2004. “Framing Process, Ideology, and Discursive Fields.” Pp. 380–412 in The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, edited by D. Snow, S. Soule, and H. Kriesi. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Snow, David, and Robert Benford. 1988. “Ideology, Frame Resonance and Participant Mobilization.” International Social Movement Research 1:197–217.
   Google Scholar
• SPLC. 2000. “Racists Offer Poor Whites School Supplies and Hate.” Retrieved December 17, 2015 (https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2000/racists-offer-poor-whites-school-supplies-and-hate).
   Google Scholar
• SPLC. 2003. “Remaking the Right.” Retrieved December 17, 2015 (http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2003/fall/remaking-the-right).
   Google Scholar
• SPLC. 2015. “National Alliance.” Retrieved December 17, 2015 (http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/national-alliance).
   Google Scholar
• Vasterman, Peter L. M. 2005. “Media-Hype Self-Reinforcing News Waves, Journalistic Standards and the Construction of Social Problems.” European Journal of Communication 20(4):508–530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vera, Hernan, Joe R. Feagin, and Andrew Gordon. 1995. “Superior Intellect? Sincere Fictions of the White Self.” Journal of Negro Education 64(3): 295–306.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, Shaun. 2005a. “Equality and Speed Limits.” American Dissident Voices Broadcast.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, Shaun. 2005b. “Texas and Gaza: Land and Race.” American Dissident Voices Broadcast.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, Shaun. 2005c. “Best Case Scenario.” American Dissident Voices Broadcast.
   Google Scholar