References
- Al Ramiah, A. and M. Hewstone. 2013. “Intergroup Contact as a Tool for Reducing, Resolving, and Preventing Intergroup Conflict: Evidence, Limitations, and Potential.” American Psychologist 68(7):527–42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032603.
- Alesina, A. and E. La Ferrara. 2002. “Who Trusts Others?” Journal of Public Economics 85(2):207–34. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00084-6.
- Anderson, E., 2004. “The cosmopolitan canopy.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 595(1):14–31.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2007. “2006 Census QuickStats: Melbourne.” Retrieved August 20, 2018 (http://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2006/quickstat/205?opendocument).
- Australian Government. n.d. “Multicultural Australia: United, Strong, Successful.” Australia’s Multicultural Statement. Retrieved September 23, 2020 (https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/Statements/english-multicultural-statement.pdf).
- Bauer, D.J. 2003. “Estimating Multilevel Linear Models as Structural Equation Models.” Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 28(2):135–67. doi: https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986028002135.
- Becker, S.O., T. Fetzer, and D. Novy. 2017. “Who Voted for Brexit? A Comprehensive District–level Analysis.” Economic Policy 32(92):601–50. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eix012.
- Benier, K., R. Wickes, and C. Moran. 2020. “‘African Gangs’ in Australia: Perceptions of Race and Crime in Urban Neighbourhoods.” Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 000486582096564. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865820965647.
- Blau, P.M. 1977. “A Macrosociological Theory of Social Structure.” American Journal of Sociology 83:26–54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/226505.
- Blau, P.M. 1987. Inequality and Heterogeneity: A Primitive Theory of Social Structure. New York: Free Press.
- Bollen, K. A. 1989. “A New Incremental Fit Index for General Structural Equation Models.” Sociological Methods & Research 17(3):303–16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124189017003004.
- Bollen, K.A. and P. Paxton. 1998. “Detection and Determinants of Bias in Subjective Measures.” American Sociological Review 63(3):465–78. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2657559.
- Chiricos, T., M. Hogan, and M. Gertz. 1997. “Racial Composition of Neighborhood and Fear of Crime.” Criminology 35(1):107–32. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1997.tb00872.x.
- Chiricos, T., R. McEntire, and M. Gertz. 2001. “Perceived Racial and Ethnic Composition of Neighbourhood and Perceived Risk of Crime.” Social Problems 48:322–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2001.48.3.322.
- Croucher, S. 2018. Globalization and Belonging: The Politics of Identity in a Changing World. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Curran, P.J. 2003. “Have Multilevel Models Been Structural Equation Models All Along?” Multivariate Behavioral Research 38(4):529–69. doi: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3804_5.
- Dincer, O.C. 2011. “Ethnic Diversity and Trust.” Contemporary Economic Policy 29(2):284–93. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2010.00215.x.
- Dinesen, P. T., M. Schaeffer, and K. M. Sønderskov. 2019. “Ethnic Diversity and Social Trust: A Narrative and Meta–Analytical Review.” Annual Review of Political Science 23: 443–65.
- Farquharson, K. and D. Nolan. 2018. “In a Context of Crime: Sudanese and South Sudanese Australians in the Media.” Pp. 85–104 in Australian Media and the Politics of Belonging,edited by D. Nolan, K. Farquharson and T. Majoribanks. London UK: Wimbledon Publishing.
- Gijsberts, M., T. van der Meer, and J. Dagevos. 2012. “Hunkering down in Multi–ethnic Neighbourhoods? The Effects of Ethnic Diversity on Dimensions of Social Cohesion.” European Sociological Review 28(4):527–37. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcr022.
- Goldin, I., G. Cameron, and M. Balarajan. 2012. Exceptional People: How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
- Hipp, J.R. 2010. “The Role of Crime in Housing Unit Racial/Ethnic Transition.” Criminology 48(3):683–723. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00199.x.
- Hipp, J.R., G.E. Tita, and L.N. Boggess. 2011. “A New Twist on an Old Approach: A Random–interaction Approach for Estimating Rates of Inter–group Interaction.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 27(1):27–51. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-010-9092-8.
- Hipp, J.R. and R. Wickes. 2016. “Minority Status Distortion and Preference for In–group Ties Consequences for Social Capital.” Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 2:1–18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023116640281.
- International Organization for Migration, and United Nations. 2020. World migration report. Geneva: International Organization for Migration.
- Ioannou, M., R. Franc, C. Psaltis, and B. Martinovic. 2017. “The Role of Inter–ethnic Online Friendships in Prejudice Reduction in Post–conflict Societies.” Computers in Human Behavior 76(C):386–95. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.041.
- Johnston, R., M. Poulsen, and J. Forrest. 2007. “The Geography of Ethnic Residential Segregation: A Comparative Study of Five Countries.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 97(4):713–38. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00579.x.
- Joppke, C. and E. Morawska, edited by. 2014. “Integrating Immigrants in Liberal Nation–states: Policies and Practices.” Pp. 1–36 in Toward Assimilation and Citizenship: Immigrants in Liberal Nation–states, edited by C. Joppke and E. Morawska. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Landry, C. and P. Wood. 2012. The Intercultural City: Planning for Diversity Advantage. London: Earthscan.
- Laurence, J., K. Schmid, J. R. Rae, and M. Hewstone. 2018. “Prejudice, Contact, and Threat at the Diversity–segregation Nexus: A Cross–sectional and Longitudinal Analysis of How Ethnic Out–group Size and Segregation Interrelate for Inter–group Relations.” Social Forces 97(3):1029–66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy079.
- Lolle, H. and L. Torpe. 2011. “Growing Ethnic Diversity and Social Trust in European Societies.” Comparative European Politics 9(2):191–216. doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/cep.2009.16.
- Martinovic, B., F. van Tubergen, and I. Maas. 2015. “A Longitudinal Study of Interethnic Contacts in Germany: Estimates from A Multilevel Growth Curve Model.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 41(1):83–100. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2013.869475.
- Mazerolle, L., R. Wickes, A. Cherney, K. Murphy, E. Sargeant, and R. Zahnow 2012. “Community Variations in Crime: A Spatial and Ecometric Analysis Wave 3. ARC Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security: Brisbane.” Retrieved September 23, 2020 (https://accs.project.uq.edu.au/files/129/FINAL_ACCS_Technical_Report%20Wave%203%20Brisbane%20Wave%201%20Melbourne_240414.pdf).
- McCrone, D. and F. Bechhofer. 2008. “National Identity and Social Inclusion.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 31(7):1245–66. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870701704677.
- McPherson, J.M. and L. Smith–Lovin. 1987. “Homophily in Voluntary Organizations: Status Distance and the Composition of Face–to–face Groups.” American Sociological Review 52(3):370–79. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2095356.
- McPherson, M., L. Smith–Lovin, and J. M. Cook. 2001. “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks.” Annual Review of Sociology 27(1):415–44. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415.
- Meer, T.V.D. and J. Tolsma. 2014. “Ethnic Diversity and Its Effects on Social Cohesion.” Annual Review of Sociology 40:459–78. doi: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043309.
- Meeus, J., B. Duriez, N. Vanbeseleare, and F. Boen. 2010. “The Role of National Identity Representations in the Relation between In–Group Identification and Out–Group Derogation: Ethnic versus Civic Representations.” British Journal of Social Psychology 49:305–20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1348/014466609X451455.
- Mehta, P.D. and M.C. Neale. 2005. “People Are Variables Too: Multilevel Structural Equations Modeling.” Psychological Methods 10(3):259–84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.10.3.259.
- Merton, R.K. 1965. Social Theory and Social Structure. New York, NY: Free Press.
- Miller, D. 1995. On Nationality. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Newman, L. and A. Dale. 2007. “Homophily and Agency: Creating Effective Sustainable Development Networks.” Environment, Development and Sustainability 9(1):79–90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-005-9004-5.
- Putnam, R.D. 2007. “E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty‐first Century the 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture.” Scandinavian Political Studies 30(2):137–74. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2007.00176.x.
- Quillian, L. and D. Pager. 2001. “Black Neighbors, Higher Crime? The Role of Racial Stereotypes in Evaluations of Neighborhood Crime.” American Journal of Sociology 107(3):717–67. doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/338938.
- Reeskens, T. and M. Wright. 2013. “Nationalism and the Cohesive Society: A Multilevel Analysis of the Interplay among Diversity, National Identity, and Social Capital across 27 European Societies.” Comparative Political Studies 46(2):153–81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414012453033.
- Ross, C.E., J.R. Reynolds, and K.J. Geis. 2000. “The Contingent Meaning of Neighborhood Stability for Residents’ Psychological Well–being.” American Sociological Review 65(4):581–97. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2657384.
- Rubin, D. B. 1976. “Inference and Missing Data.” Biometrika 63(3):581–92. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/63.3.581.
- Sampson, R.J. 2009. “Disparity and Diversity in the Contemporary City: Social (Dis) Order Revisited 1.” The British Journal of Sociology 60(1):1–31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2009.01211.x.
- Sampson, R.J. and S.W. Raudenbush. 2004. “Seeing Disorder: Neighborhood Stigma and the Social Construction of “Broken Windows.” Social Psychology Quarterly 67(4):319–42. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250406700401.
- Simmel, Georg. 1955. “Conflict” and “The Web of Group-Affiliations”. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
- Smith, A. D. 2006. “Ethnicity and Nationalism.” Pp. 169–81 in The SAGE Handbook of Nations and Nationalism, edited by G. Delanty and K Kumar. London: SAGE.
- Smith, D.N. and E. Hanley. 2018. “The Anger Games: Who Voted for Donald Trump in the 2016 Election, and Why?” Critical Sociology 44(2):195–212. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920517740615.
- Stolle, D., S. Soroka, and R. Johnston. 2008. “When Does Diversity Erode Trust? Neighbourhood Diversity, Interpersonal Trust and the Mediating Effect of Social Interactions.” Political Studies 56(1):57–75. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00717.x.
- Sydes, M. 2019. “Where Immigrants Live: Capturing Ethnic Segregation at the Local Level in Two Australian Cities.” Australian Geographer 50(2):221–41. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2018.1512184.
- Tolsma, J. and T.V.D. Meer. 2018. “Trust and Contact in Diverse Neighbourhoods: An Interplay of Four Ethnicity Effects.” Social Science Research 73:92–106. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.04.003.
- Twigg, L., J. Taylor, and J. Mohan. 2010. “Diversity or Disadvantage? Putnam, Goodhart, Ethnic Heterogeneity, and Collective Efficacy.” Environment and Planning A 42(6):1421–38. doi: https://doi.org/10.1068/a42287.
- Wickes, R., Grossman, M., Forbes-Mewett, H., Arunachalam, D., Smith, J., Skrbis, Z., Dellal, H. and Keel, C., 2020. Understanding the context of racial and cultural exclusivism: A study of Melbourne neighbourhoods. doi:https://doi.org/10.26180/5e6ee32b45cdd
- Wickes, R., J.R. Hipp, R. Zahnow, and L. Mazerolle. 2013. “‘Seeing’ Minorities and Perceptions of Disorder: Explicating the Mediating and Moderating Mechanisms of Social Cohesion.” Criminology 51(3):519–60. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12011.
- Wickes, R., R. Zahnow, G. White, and L. Mazerolle. 2014. “Ethnic Diversity and Its Impact on Community Social Cohesion and Neighborly Exchange.” Journal of Urban Affairs 36(1):51–78. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12015.
- Ziller, C. 2015. “Ethnic Diversity, Economic and Cultural Contexts, and Social Trust: Cross–Sectional and Longitudinal Evidence from European Regions, 2002–2010.” Social Forces 93(3):1211–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sou088.