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- The σ∗ constants for nitriles 1–22 were calculated on the basis of the appropriate contributions from the alkyl groups on the α, β and γ carbons; cf. ref. 20, p. 601. The σ constants for the aromatic nitriles were calculated by considering the contributions from each alkyl group to be additive. Since the cyano group has axial symmetry, an ortho substituent is not expected to alter the interaction between the cyano group and the aromatic ring. Consequently the σ constant for a para methyl was used for both ortho and para substituents.
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