Application of Nanolimes for the Consolidation of Limestone from the Medieval Bishop's Palace, Lincoln, UK

References

• Allen, D. J., L. M. Brewerton, L. M. Coleby, B. R. Gibbs, M. A. Lewis, A. M. MacDonald, S. Wagstaff, and A. T. Williams. 1997. The Physical Properties of Major Aquifers in England and Wales. Edited by British Geological Survey Technical Report: Environment Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Borsoi, G., B. Lubelli, R. van Hees, R. Veiga, and A. Santo Silva. 2016. “Understanding the Transport of Nanolime Consolidants Within Maastricht Limestone.” Journal of Cultural Heritage 18: 242–249. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2015.07.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsoi, G., B. Lubelli, R. van Hees, R. Veiga, and A. Santos Silva. 2017. “Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Compatibility of Nanolime Consolidants with Improved Properties.” Construction and Building Materials 142: 385–394. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.097.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsoi, G., R. van Hees, B. Lubelli, R. Veiga, and A. Santos Silva. 2015. “Nanolime Deposition in Maastricht Limestone: Back-Migration or Accumulation at the Absorption Surface?” Proceedings of the 15th Euroseminar on Microscopy Applied to Building materials, 77–86. Delft: Delft University of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Bottrell, S. H., S. J. Moncaster, J. H. Tellam, J. W. Lloyd, Q. J. Fisher, and R. J. Newton. 2000. “Controls on Bacterial Sulphate Reduction in a Dual Porosity Aquifer System: the Lincolnshire Limestone Aquifer, England.” Chemical Geology 169 (3): 461–470. doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00222-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charola, A. E., A. Tucci, and R. J. Koestler. 1986. “On the Reversibility of Treatments with Acrylic/Silicone Resin Mixtures.” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 25 (2): 83–92. doi:10.1179/019713686806027961.
   Google Scholar
• Chelazzi, D., G. Poggi, Y. Jaidar, N. Toccafondi, R. Giorgi, and P. Baglioni. 2013. “Hydroxide Nanoparticles for Cultural Heritage: Consolidation and Protection of Wall Paintings and Carbonate Materials.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 392: 42–49. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2012.09.069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniele, V., G. Taglieri, L. Macera, G. Rosatelli, J. Otero, and A. E. Charola. 2018. “Green Approach for an eco-Compatible Consolidation of the Agrigento Biocalcarenites Surface.” Construction and Building Materials 186: 1188–1199. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado Rodrigues, J., A. P. Ferreira Pinto, R. Nogueira, and A. Gomes. 2018. “Consolidation of Lime Mortars with Ethyl Silicate, Nanolime and Barium Hydroxide. Effectiveness Assessment with Microdrilling Data.” Journal of Cultural Heritage 29: 43–53. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2017.07.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desarnaud, J., K. Kiriyama, B. Bicer Simsir, K. Wilhelm, and H. Viles. 2019. “A Laboratory Study of Equotip Surface Hardness Measurements on a Range of Sandstones: What Influences the Values and What do They Mean?” Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 44 (7): 1419–1429. doi:10.1002/esp.4584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doehne, E., and C. A. Price. 2010. Stone Conservation: An Overview of Current Research. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Gherardi, F., S. Goidanich, V. DalSanto, and L. Toniolo. 2018. “Layered Nano-TiO2 Based Treatments for the Maintenance of Natural Stones in Historical Architecture.” Angewandte Chemie International Edition 57 (25): 7360–7363. doi:10.1002/anie.201712752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gherardi, F., D. Gulotta, S. Goidanich, A. Colombo, and L. Toniolo. 2017. “On-Site Monitoring of the Performance of Innovative Treatments for Marble Conservation in Architectural Heritage.” Heritage Science 5 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/s40494-017-0118-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, L., and P. Stephen. 2017. Strategic Stone Study: a Building Stone Atlas of Lincolnshire. London: Historic England.
   Google Scholar
• Kapridaki, C., and P. Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki. 2013. “TiO2–SiO2–PDMS Nano-Composite Hydrophobic Coating with Self-Cleaning Properties for Marble Protection.” Progress in Organic Coatings 76 (2): 400–410. doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2012.10.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeb, D. H. 1978. “New Dynamic Method for Hardness Testing of Metallic Materials.” VDI-Report 308: 123–128.
   Google Scholar
• Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, P., N. Kallithrakas-Kontos, D. Korakaki, Z. Agioutantis, and S. Maurigiannakis. 2006. “Evaluation of Silicon-Based Strengthening Agents on Porous Limestones.” Progress in Organic Coatings 57 (2): 140–148. doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2006.08.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natali, I., M. L. Saladino, F. Andriulo, D. Chillura Martino, E. Caponetti, E. Carretti, and L. Dei. 2014. “Consolidation and Protection by Nanolime: Recent Advances for the Conservation of the Graffiti, Carceri Dello Steri Palermo and of the 18th Century Lunettes, SS. Giuda e Simone Cloister, Corniola (Empoli).” Journal of Cultural Heritage 15 (2): 151–158. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2013.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otero, J., V. Starinieri, and A. E. Charola. 2018. “Nanolime for the Consolidation of Lime Mortars: A Comparison of Three Available Products.” Construction and Building Materials 181: 394–407. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otero, J., V. Starinieri, and A. E. Charola. 2019. “Influence of Substrate Pore Structure and Nanolime Particle Size on the Effectiveness of Nanolime Treatments.” Construction and Building Materials 209: 701–708. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pondelak, A., S. Kramar, M. L. Kikelj, and A. Sever Škapin. 2017. “In-situ Study of the Consolidation of Wall Paintings Using Commercial and Newly Developed Consolidants.” Journal of Cultural Heritage 28: 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2017.05.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Navarro, C., K. Elert, and R. Ševčík. 2016. “Amorphous and Crystalline Calcium Carbonate Phases During Carbonation of Nanolimes: Implications in Heritage Conservation.” CrystEngComm 18 (35): 6594–6607. doi:10.1039/C6CE01202G.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Navarro, C., and E. Ruiz-Agudo. 2018. “Nanolimes: From Synthesis to Application.” Pure and Applied Chemistry 90 (3): 523–550. doi:10.1515/pac-2017-0506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Navarro, C., A. Suzuki, and E. Ruiz-Agudo. 2013. “Alcohol Dispersions of Calcium Hydroxide Nanoparticles for Stone Conservation.” Langmuir 29 (36): 11457–11470. doi:10.1021/la4017728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvadori, B., and L. Dei. 2001. “Synthesis of Ca(OH)2 Nanoparticles from Diols.” Langmuir 17 (8): 2371–2374. doi:10.1021/la0015967.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sassoni, Enrico, Gabriela Graziani, and Elisa Franzoni. 2016. “An Innovative Phosphate-Based Consolidant for Limestone. Part 2: Durability in Comparison with Ethyl Silicate.” Construction and Building Materials 102 (Part 1): 931–942. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.202.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shekofteh, A., E. Molina, L. Rueda-Quero, A. Arizzi, and G. Cultrone. 2019. “The Efficiency of Nanolime and Dibasic Ammonium Phosphate in the Consolidation of Beige Limestone From the Pasargadae World Heritage Site.” Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11 (9): 5065–5080. doi:10.1007/s12520-019-00863-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegesmund, S., and R. Snethlage. 2011. Stone in Architecture: Properties, Durability. Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Taglieri, G., V. Daniele, L. Macera, and A. Mignemi. 2019. “Innovative and Green Nanolime Treatment Tailored to Consolidate the Original Mortar of the Façade of a Medieval Building in L’aquila (Italy).” Construction and Building Materials 221: 643–650. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taglieri, G., V. Daniele, L. Macera, and C. Mondelli. 2017. “Nano Ca(OH)2 Synthesis Using a Cost-Effective and Innovative Method: Reactivity Study.” Journal of the American Ceramic Society 100 (12): 5766–5778. doi:10.1111/jace.15112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taglieri, G., B. Felice, V. Daniele, R. Volpe, and C. Mondelli. 2016. “Analysis of the Carbonatation Process of Nanosized Ca(OH)2 Particles Synthesized by Exchange ion Process.” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part N: Journal of Nanomaterials, Nanoengineering and Nanosystems 230 (1): 25–31. doi:10.1177/1740349914537616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taglieri, G., J. Otero, V. Daniele, G. Gioia, L. Macera, V. Starinieri, and A. E. Charola. 2018. “The Biocalcarenite Stone of Agrigento (Italy): Preliminary Investigations of Compatible Nanolime Treatments.” Journal of Cultural Heritage 30: 92–99. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2017.11.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzavellos, S., G. L. Pesce, Y. Wu, A. Henry, S. Robson, and R. J. Ball. 2019. “Effectiveness of Nanolime as a Stone Consolidant: A 4-Year Study of Six Common UK Limestones.” Materials 12 (17): 2673. doi: 10.3390/ma12172673
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNI_11432:2011. 2011. Cultural Heritage – Natural and Artificial Stone – Determination of the Water Absorption by Contact Sponge.
   Google Scholar
• Volpe, R., G. Taglieri, V. Daniela, and G. Del Re. 2016. “A Process for the Synthesis of Ca(OH)2 Nanoparticles by Means of Ionic Exchange Resin.” EP2880101.
   Google Scholar
• Wedekind, W., C. Pötzl, R. López-Doncel, T. Platz, and S. Siegesmund. 2016. “Surface Hardness Testing for the Evaluation Consolidation of Porous Stones.” In Science and Art: A Future for Stone: Proceedings of the 13th International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, edited by J. Hughes, and T. Howind, 491–499. Paisley: University of the West of Scotland.
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler, G. 2005. Alkoxysilanes and the Consolidation of Stone, Research in Conservation. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Wilhelm, K., H. Viles, O. Burke, and J. Mayaud. 2016. “Surface Hardness as a Proxy for Weathering Behaviour of Limestone Heritage: a Case Study on Dated Headstones on the Isle of Portland, UK.” Environmental Earth Sciences 75 (10): 931. doi:10.1007/s12665-016-5661-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, G., J. C. Yu, X. Wang, and L. Zhang. 2004. “Sonochemical Synthesis of Aragonite-Type Calcium Carbonate with Different Morphologies.” New Journal of Chemistry 28 (8): 1027–1031. doi:10.1039/B315198K doi: 10.1039/b315198k
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zornoza-Indart, A., and P. Lopez-Arce. 2016. “Silica Nanoparticles (SiO2): Influence of Relative Humidity in Stone Consolidation.” Journal of Cultural Heritage 18: 258–270. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2015.06.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zornoza-Indart, A., P. Lopez-Arce, N. Leal, J. Simão, and K. Zoghlami. 2016. “Consolidation of a Tunisian Bioclastic Calcarenite: From Conventional Ethyl Silicate Products to Nanostructured and Nanoparticle Based Consolidants.” Construction and Building Materials 116: 188–202. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar