190
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research or Treatment Papers

Material Selection for the Hydrophobic Cushion Layer Applied to Earthen Sites in Northwest China

, ORCID Icon &
Pages 243-257 | Received 29 Jul 2021, Accepted 27 Oct 2021, Published online: 22 Nov 2021

References

  • ASTM: D2166. 2006. Standard Test Methods for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil. West Conshohocken, PA.: ASTM International.
  • ASTM: D2487. 2017. Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purpose (Unified Soil Classification System). West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
  • ASTM: E96. 2016. Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.
  • Ayeldeen, M., and M. Kitazume. 2017. “Using Fiber and Liquid Polymer to Improve the Behaviour of Cement-Stabilized Soft Clay.” Geotextiles and Geomembranes 45 (6): 592–602.
  • Bachmann, J., G. Arye, M. Deurer, S. K. Woche, R. Horton, K. Hartge, and Y. Chen. 2006. “Universality of a Surface Tension—Contact-Angle Relation for Hydrophobic Soils of Different Texture.” Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 169: 745–753.
  • Bachmann, J., S. K. Woche, M.-O. Goebel, M. B. Kirkham, and R. Horton. 2003. “Extended Methodology for Determining Wetting Properties of Porous Media.” Water Resources Research 39 (12): 1353.
  • Bisdom, E., L. W. Dekker, and J. F. T. Schoute. 1993. “Water Repellency of Sieve Fractions from Sandy Soils and Relationships with Organic Material and Soil Structure.” Geoderma 56 (1): 105–118.
  • Bissonnais, Y. L. 1996. “Aggregate Stability and Assessment of Soil Crustability and Erodibility: I. Theory and Methodology.” European Journal of Soil Science 47 (4): 425–437.
  • Braun, F., and J. Orlowsky. 2020. “Non-destructive Detection of the Efficiency of Long-Term Weathered Hydrophobic Natural Stones Using Single-Sided NMR.” Journal of Cultural Heritage 41: 51–60.
  • BS EN 15803. 2009. Conservation of Cultural Property—Test Methods—Determination of Water Vapour Permeability (δp).
  • Camerini, R., D. Chelazzi, R. Giorgi, and P. Baglioni. 2019. “Hybrid Nano-Composites for the Consolidation of Earthen Masonry.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 539: 504–515.
  • Chan, C. S. H., and S. D. N. Lourenço. 2016. “Comparison of Three Silane Compounds to Impart Water Repellency in an Industrial Sand.” Geotechnique Letters 6 (4): 263–266.
  • Chen, W. W., Z. Q. Guo, Y. R. Xu, P. F. Chen, S. Zhang, and F. Ye. 2015. “Laboratory Tests on Rammed Earth Samples of Earthen Sites Instilled by Reinforcement Material SH.” Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 37 (8): 1517–1532. (In Chinese).
  • Chen, D., D. J. Wang, X. Y. Chen, and S. Chen. 2013. “Method to Show Dynamic Process of Soil Disintegration.” Soils 45 (6): 1137–1141. (In Chinese).
  • Chen, W. W., Q. Y. Zhang, H. W. Liu, and Z. Q. Guo. 2019. “Feasibility of Protecting Earthen Sites by Infiltration of Modified Polyvinyl Alcohol.” Construction and Building Materials 204: 410–418.
  • Cui, K., D. H. Wang, X. Y. An, L. Yu, and G. P. Wu. 2020. “Barrier Effect of Modified Cushion on Salinity Deterioration in the Basal Sapping Zone of Earthen Sites.” Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 57 (3): 227–236.
  • Dondi, M., P. Principi, M. Raimondo, and G. Zanarini. 2003. “Water Vapour Permeability of Clay Bricks.” Construction and Building Materials 17 (4): 253–258.
  • Du, Y. M., W. W. Chen, K. Cui, S. Y. Gong, T. B. Pu, and X. L. Fu. 2017. “A Model Characterizing Deterioration at Earthen Sites of the Ming Great Wall in Qinghai Province, China.” Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering 53 (6): 426–434.
  • Elert, K., E. S. Pardo, and C. Rodriguez-Navarro. 2015. “Alkaline Activation as an Alternative Method for the Consolidation of Earthen Architecture.” Journal of Cultural Heritage 16 (4): 461–469.
  • Ellies, A., C. RamíRez, and R. M. Donald. 2005. “Organic Matter and Wetting Capacity Distribution in Aggregates of Chilean Soils.” Catena 59 (1): 69–78.
  • Franzoni, E. 2018. “State-of-the-art on Methods for Reducing Rising Damp in Masonry.” Journal of Cultural Heritage 31: S3–S9.
  • Fujii, Y., E. Fodde, K. Watanabe, and K. Murakami. 2009. “Digital Photogrammetry for the Documentation of Structural Damage in Earthen Archaeological Sites: The Case of Ajina Tepa, Tajikistan.” Engineering Geology 105: 124–133.
  • Han, W. F., W. W. Chen, Z. X. Su, F. G. He, G. P. Sun, and W. Liu. 2014. A Kind of Polymer Material For Fixing Sand and Soil, and Suppressing Dust. Chinese patent No.201410020668.2. (In Chinese).
  • Hu, Z. Q., M. Yu, H. R. Li, L. Jin, and H. P. Zhao. 2016. “Experimental Study of Characteristics of Artificial Ruin Soil.” Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 35 (9): 1914–1923. (In Chinese).
  • Ietto, F., F. Perri, D. Miriello, S. A. Ruffolo, A. Laganà, and E. Le Pera. 2018. “Epoxy Resin for the Slope Consolidation Intervention on the Tropea Sandstone Cliff (Southern Calabria.” Italy). Geoheritage 10: 287–300.
  • Li, M. 2012. “Hydrophobicity & Carbonation Protection of Earthen Monument in Moist States.” unpublished doctoral thesis, Lanzhou University ( In Chinese).
  • Li, F. J., X. D. Wang, Q. L. Guo, B. Zhang, Q. Q. Pei, and S. L. Yang. 2019. “Moisture Adsorption Mechanism of Earthen Plaster Containing Soluble Salts in the Mogao Grottoes of China.” Studies in Conservation 64 (3): 159–173.
  • Li, Z. X., X. D. Wang, M. L. Sun, W. W. Chen, Q. L. Guo, and H. Y. Zhang. 2011. “Conservation of Jiaohe Ancient Earthen Site in China.” Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 3 (3): 270–281.
  • Li, M., and H. Y. Zhang. 2012. “Hydrophobicity and Carbonation Treatment of Earthen Monuments in Humid Weather Condition.” Science China-Technological Sciences 55 (8): 2313–2320.
  • Lin, H. J., and S. D. N. Lourenço. 2021. “Accelerated Weathering of Hydrophobized Sands.” Acta Geotechnica, doi:10.1007/s11440-021-01235-4.
  • Lin, H., S. D. N. Lourenço, T. Yao, Z. Zhou, A. T. Yeung, P. D. Hallett, G. I. Paton, K. Shih, B. C. H. Hau, and J. Cheuk. 2019. “Imparting Water Repellency in Completely Decomposed Granite with Tung oil.” Journal of Cleaner Production 230: 1316–1328.
  • Liu, C. J. 1976. Painter. Beijing: China Architecture Publishing & Media Co., Ltd. (In Chinese).
  • Lopez-Arce, P., E. Doehne, J. Greenshields, D. Benavente, and D. Young. 2009. “Treatment of Rising Damp and Salt Decay: the Historic Masonry Buildings of Adelaide, South Australia.” Materials and Structures 42: 827–848.
  • Lu, N., and W. J. Likos. 2004. Unsaturated Soil Mechanics. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Malik, H. A., S. T. Noor, and M. A. Ghufraan. 2021. “Proposing a new Type of DPC to Control Moisture Movements in Brick Walls.” IOP conf. series: Materials Science and engineering. 1076, 012102.
  • Malusis, M. A., C. D. Shackelford, and H. W. Olsen. 2003. “Flow and Transport Through Clay Membrane Barriers.” Engineering Geology 70 (3-4): 235–248.
  • Mao, W. J., Y. X. Shen, Y. P. Zhu, Y. F. Bai, and M. L. Sun. 2021. “Disentangling the Deformation Process of Earthen Sites and Understanding the Role of Na2SO4 and Precipitation: a Case Study on the Great Wall Relics of the Ming Dynasty in Yulin, China.” Studies in Conservation 66 (1): 51–63.
  • Michette, M., R. Lorenz, and C. Ziegert. 2017. “Clay Barriers for Protecting Historic Buildings from Ground Moisture Intrusion.” Heritage Science 5: 31.
  • Orlik-Kożdoń, B., and T. Steidl. 2018. “Experimental and Analytical Determination of Water Vapour Transmission Properties of Recyclable Insulation Material.” Construction and Building Materials 192: 798–807.
  • Otero, J., A. E. Charola, and V. Starinieri. 2019. “Sticky Rice–Nanolime as a Consolidation Treatment for Lime Mortars.” Journal of Materials Science 54: 10217–10234.
  • Pei, Q. Q., X. D. Wang, Q. L. Guo, L. Y. Zhao, B. Zhang, and Z. P. Li. 2020. “Action Mechanism of Sticky Rice-Paste-Modified Site Soil: a Traditional Chinese Cementitious Material.” Studies in Conservation 65 (4): 238–250.
  • Rahimi, M. R., S. D. Mohammadi, M. Heidari, and S. H. Jalali. 2021. “Correlation Between Mineral Composition and P-Wave Velocity, Strength and Textural Properties of Sulfate Rocks in dry and Saturated Conditions.” Journal of Applied Geophysics 192: 104397.
  • Ren, X. F. 2017. “Experimental Study on Durability of SH and Lime Reinforced Loess.” (Master thesis). Lanzhou University. (In Chinese)
  • Sánchez-Marañón, M., R. Ortega, I. Miralles, and M. Soriano. 2007. “Estimating the Mass Wetness of Spanish Arid Soils from Lightness Measurements.” Geoderma 141 (3-4): 397–406.
  • Scherer, G. W., R. Flatt, and G. Wheeler. 2001. “Materials Science Research for the Conservation of Sculpture and Monuments.” MRS Bulletin 26: 44–50.
  • Shen, Y. X., W. W. Chen, J. Kuang, and W. F. Du. 2017. “Effect of Salts on Earthen Materials Deterioration After Humidity Cycling.” Journal of Central South University 24 (4): 796–806.
  • State forestry administration of the People's Republic of China. 2017. Tung oil (LY/T 2865). (In Chinese).
  • Wang, Y. M., Z. C. Yang, W. W. Chen, and W. F. Han. 2005. “Strength Characteristics and Mechanism of Loess Solidified with new Polymer Material SH.” Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 14 (24): 2554–2559. (In Chinese).
  • Wang, X. D., B. Zhang, Q. Q. Pei, Q. L. Guo, W. W. Chen, and F. J. Li. 2020. “Experimental Studies on Sacrificial Layer in Conservation of Earthen Sites.” Journal of Cultural Heritage 41: 74–83.
  • Yang, R. W., K. F. Li, L. L. Wang, M. Bornert, Z. L. Zhang, and T. Hu. 2016. “A Micro-Experimental Insight Into the Mechanical Behavior of Sticky Rice Slurry-Lime Mortar Subject to Wetting-Drying Cycles.” Journal of Materials Science 51: 8422–8433.
  • Yang, F. W., B. J. Zhang, and Q. L. Ma. 2010. “Study of Sticky Rice−Lime Mortar Technology for the Restoration of Historical Masonry Construction.” Accounts of Chemical Research 43 (6): 936–944.
  • Zeng, Y,Y, B. J. Zhang, and X. L. Liang. 2008. “A Case Study and Mechanism Investigation of Typical Mortars Used on Ancient Architecture in China.” Thermochimica Acta 473 (1-2): 1–6.
  • Zhang, J. F. 2016. “Discussion on Color Difference by Chemical Consolidation on Earthen Sites.” China Cultural Heritage Scientific Research 4: 51–57. (In Chinese).
  • Zhang, Q. Y., W. W. Chen, and W. J. Fan. 2020. “Protecting Earthen Sites by Soil Hydrophobicity Under Freeze–Thaw and dry–wet Cycles.” Construction and Building Materials 262: 120089.
  • Zhang, Q. Y., W. W. Chen, W. J. Fan, and D. W. Liu. 2021. “The Effect of Polyvinyl Alcohol Solution with a High Degree of Alcoholysis on the Expansion and Cracking Behaviour of Quicklime-Treated Soil in Earthen Sites.” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 80: 4159–4170.
  • Zhang, Q. Y., W. W. Chen, N. Han, T. Cai, and Y. M. Du. 2021. “Feasibility of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Treated Soil in a mud State as the Anti-Weathering Material for Earthen Sites.” International Journal of Architectural Heritage, Online, doi:10.1080/15583058.2021.1937377.
  • Zhang, Q. Y., W. W. Chen, and J. K. Zhang. 2021. “Wettability of Earthen Sites Protected by PVA Solution with a High Degree of Alcoholysis.” Catena 196: 104929.
  • Zhang, Y., W. M. Ye, B. Chen, Y. G. Chen, and B. Ye. 2016. “Desiccation of NaCl-Contaminated Soil of Earthen Heritages in the Site of Yar City, Northwest China.” Applied Clay Science 124: 1–10.
  • Zhang, H. Y., S. B. Zhu, M. Li, and X. C. Zhang. 2016. “Water Repellency of Monument Soil Treated by Tung oil.” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 34: 205–216.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.