A systematic review on retro-reflective clothing for night-time visibility and safety

References

• 3M News Center (2017, May 2). 3M Reinvents Reflective Material for Activewear with Carbon Black Technology https://news.3m.com/2017-05-02-3M-Reinvents-Reflective-Material-for-Activewear-with-Carbon-Black-Technology
   Google Scholar
• Babić, D., Babić, D., Fiolić, M., & Ferko, M. (2021). Factors affecting pedestrian conspicuity at night: Analysis based on driver eye tracking. Safety Science, 139, 105257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balk, S. A., Tyrrell, R. A., Brooks, J. O., & Carpenter, T. L. (2008). Highlighting human form and motion information enhances the conspicuity of pedestrians at night. Perception, 37(8), 1276–1284. https://doi.org/10.1068/p6017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, A. A., Bui, V., Henry, E., Ho, K., Pham, D., Tran, T., & Wood, J. M. (2021). Using retro-reflective cloth to enhance drivers’ judgment of pedestrian walking direction at night-time. Journal of Safety Research, 77, 196–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2021.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, A. A., Duff, R., Hutchinson, M., Ng, I., Phillips, K., Rose, K., Ussher, A., & Wood, J. M. (2020). Effects of night-time bicycling visibility aids on vehicle passing distance. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 144, 105636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borzendowski, S. A. W., Sewall, A. A. S., Fekety, D. K., & Tyrrell, R. A. (2014). Effects of an educational intervention on athletes’ attitudes toward wearing conspicuity-enhancing garments at night. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 58(1), 2141–2145. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931214581450
   Google Scholar
• Chang, F.-R., Huang, H.-L., Schwebel, D. C., Chan, A. H., & Hu, G.-Q. (2020). Global road traffic injury statistics: Challenges, mechanisms and solutions. Chinese Journal of Traumatology = Zhonghua Chuang Shang za Zhi, 23(4), 216–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjtee.2020.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, H., & Song, H. (2021). The effect of backside elements on the light emission of a plastic optical fiber assembly. Textile Research Journal, 91(21-22), 2682–2691. https://doi.org/10.1177/00405175211006941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, S. (2021). 45 percent increase in people struck and killed while walking because streets are Dangerous by Design. Smart Growth America. Retrieved April 27, 2022 from https://smartgrowthamerica.org/people-struck-and-killed-while-walking-up-45-percent-in-a-decade-because-streets-are-dangerous-by-design/
   Google Scholar
• Dinakar, S., Suway, J., Muttart, J., & Edewaard, D. (2021). Systematic Degradation of Retroreflective Materials for Testing and Research [Paper presentation].SAE Technical Paper, 01-08. https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0853
   Google Scholar
• Fekety, D. K., Edewaard, D. E., Stafford Sewall, A. A., & Tyrrell, R. A. (2016). Electroluminescent materials can further enhance the nighttime conspicuity of pedestrians wearing retroreflective materials. Human Factors, 58(7), 976–985. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720816651535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink, A. (2019). Conducting research literature reviews: From the internet to paper (5th ed.) Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Flaxman, S. R., Bourne, R. R. A., Resnikoff, S., Ackland, P., Braithwaite, T., Cicinelli, M. V., Das, A., Jonas, J. B., Keeffe, J., Kempen, J. H., Leasher, J., Limburg, H., Naidoo, K., Pesudovs, K., Silvester, A., Stevens, G. A., Tahhan, N., Wong, T. Y., & Taylor, H. R, Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study (2017). Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990–2020: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. Global Health, 5(12), e1221–e1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30393-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming, B. (2012). New automotive electronics technologies [automotive electronics]. IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, 7(4), 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1109/MVT.2012.2218144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foreman, J., Xie, J., Keel, S., Ang, G. S., Lee, P. Y., Bourne, R., Crowston, J. G., Taylor, H. R., & Dirani, M. (2018). Prevalence and causes of unilateral vision impairment and unilateral blindness in Australia: The National Eye Health Survey. JAMA Ophthalmology, 136(3), 240–248. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.6457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fylan, F., Bentley, L. A., Brough, D., King, M., Black, A. A., King, N., & Wood, J. M. (2021). Designing cycling and running garments to increase conspicuity. International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education, 14(3), 263–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/17543266.2021.1928758
   Google Scholar
• Fylan, F., King, M., Brough, D., Black, A. A., King, N., Bentley, L. A., & Wood, J. M. (2020). Increasing conspicuity on night-time roads: Perspectives from cyclists and runners. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 68, 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.11.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glombikova, V., Komarkova, P., Vik, M., Adamcova, J., Nemcokova, R., Vikova, M., & Havelka, A. (2022). Approach to performance rating of retroreflective textile material considering production technology and reflector size. Autex Research Journal, 22(4), 446–457. https://doi.org/10.2478/aut-2021-0035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grand View Research. (2019). Retro-Reflective Materials Market Size, Industry Report, 2019–2025. G. V. Research. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/retro-reflective-materials-market
   Google Scholar
• InsightSLICE. (2021). Retro-reflective Materials Global Sales are Expected to Witness Healthy Growth to Reach US$29.5 billion by 2031. Retrieved September 14 from, https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2021/06/28/2254105/0/en/Retro-reflective-Materials-Global-Sales-are-Expected-to-Witness-Healthy-Growth-to-Reach-US-29-5-billion-by-2031.html
   Google Scholar
• Islam, S., & Hossain, A. B. (2015). Comparative analysis of injury severity resulting from pedestrian–motor vehicle and bicycle-motor vehicle crashes on roadways in Alabama. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2514(1), 79–87. https://doi.org/10.3141/2514-09
   Google Scholar
• Junior, O. S., Silva, E. S., Barros, K. N., & Vitro, J. G. (2018). New method for characterization of retroreflective materials. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 975, 012033. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/975/1/012033
   Google Scholar
• Kang, M., & Lee, S. (2017). Visibility evaluation of various retroreflective fabric types and LED position on safety life jacket. Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 41(02), 352–361. https://doi.org/10.5850/JKSCT.2017.41.2.352
   Google Scholar
• Kimaro, H., Mvungi, N. H., Kundaeli, H., & Hamisi, N. (2016). Challenges in the Management of Road Safety in Tanzania: The Need for an Integration Framework. Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania, 22(1), 42–51.
   Google Scholar
• Kimlin, J. A., Black, A. A., & Wood, J. M. (2017). Nighttime driving in older adults: Effects of glare and association with mesopic visual function. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 58(5), 2796–2803. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.16-21219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwan, I., & Mapstone, J. (2006). Interventions for increasing pedestrian and cyclist visibility for the prevention of death and injuries. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2006(4), CD003438. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003438.pub2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 62(10), e1–e34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mäkinen, H. (2008). 17 - Firefighters’ protective clothing. In A. R. Horrocks & D. Price (Eds.), Advances in fire retardant materials (pp. 467–491). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781845694701.3.467
   Google Scholar
• Mian, J., & Caird, J. K. (2018). The effects of speed and orientation on recognition judgments of retro-reflectively clothed pedestrians at night. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 56, 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moberly, N. J., & Langham, M. P. (2002). Pedestrian conspicuity at night: Failure to observe a biological motion advantage in a high-clutter environment. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16(4), 477–485. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.808
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon, J., Hodgkinson, J., & Bennett, C. (2020). Modified immersion suits for helicopter aircrew: Evidence for improved conspicuity from sea trials. Safety Science, 130, 104903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104903
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson, P. L., Halstead-Nussloch, R., & Sivak, M. (1981). The effect of improvements in motorcycle/motorcyclist conspicuity on driver behavior. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 23(2), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872088102300211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Önlü, N., & Yaşar, N. (2011). Visual textures combined with metallic, retro-reflective and stainless steel yarns in semi-transparent fabrics. Research Journal of Textile and Apparel, 15(1), 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1108/RJTA-15-01-2011-B003
   Google Scholar
• Park, S. (2019). An evaluation of the suitability of fluorescent fabrics and retroreflective materials for road traffic warning clothing in compliance with international standards. Fashion and Textiles, 6(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-019-0190-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pościk, A., Szkudlarek, J., & Owczarek, G. (2019). Photometric properties of retroreflective materials in dependence on their structure and angle of illumination. Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe, 27(3(135), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0743
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanujam, E., & Padmavathi, S. (2021). Real time fall detection using infrared cameras and reflective tapes under day/night luminance. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments, 13(4), 285–300. https://doi.org/10.3233/AIS-210605
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Research and Markets. (2021). Global Retro Reflective Materials Market 2021-2026. Retrieved September 14, 2021 from https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5354576/global-retro-reflective-materials-market-2021-2026?utm_source=GNOM&utm_medium=PressRelease&utm_code=gfkpv5&utm_campaign=1574078+-+Opportunities+and+Growth+in+the+Global+Retro+Reflective+Materials+Market+to+2026%3a+Public+and+ Worker+Safety+Regulations+Driving+Growth&utm_exec=cari18prd
   Google Scholar
• Sayer, J. R., & Mefford, M. L. (2004). High visibility safety apparel and nighttime conspicuity of pedestrians in work zones. Journal of Safety Research, 35(5), 537–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2004.08.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinar, D. (1985). The effects of expectancy, clothing reflectance, and detection criterion on nighttime pedestrian visibility. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 27(3), 327–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872088502700308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stapleton, T., & Koo, H. S. (2017). Bicyclist biomotion visibility aids: A 3D eye-tracking analysis. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 29(2), 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCST-05-2016-0060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrrell, R. A., & Patton, C. W. (1998). The effectiveness of educating pedestrians about their own nighttime visibility. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 42(17), 1205–1209. https://doi.org/10.1177/154193129804201706
   Google Scholar
• Tyrrell, R. A., Patton, C. W., & Brooks, J. O. (2004). Educational interventions successfully reduce pedestrians’ overestimates of their own nighttime visibility. Human Factors, 46(1), 170–182. https://doi.org/10.1518/hfes.46.1.170.30385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrrell, R. A., Wood, J. M., Carberry, T. P., Faulks, T., & Jones, K. (2010). On-road measures of the visibility of pedestrians at night. Journal of Vision, 3(9), 549–549. https://doi.org/10.1167/3.9.549
   Google Scholar
• Tyrrell, R. A., Wood, J. M., Chaparro, A., Carberry, T. P., Chu, B.-S., & Marszalek, R. P. (2009). Seeing pedestrians at night: Visual clutter does not mask biological motion. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 41(3), 506–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2009.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrrell, R. A., Wood, J. M., Owens, D. A., Whetsel Borzendowski, S., & Stafford Sewall, A. (2016). The conspicuity of pedestrians at night: A review. Clinical & Experimental Optometry, 99(5), 425–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentin, V., Mannering, F. L., Abraham, D. M., & Dunston, P. S. (2010). Evaluation of the visibility of workers’ safety garments during nighttime highway-maintenance operations. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 136(6), 584–591. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000120
   Google Scholar
• Whetsel Borzendowski, S. A., Stafford Sewall, A. A., Rosopa, P. J., & Tyrrell, R. A. (2015). Drivers’ judgments of the effect of headlight glare on their ability to see pedestrians at night. Journal of Safety Research, 53, 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2015.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whetsel, S. A., Stafford, A. A., Rosopa, P. J., & Tyrrell, R. A. (2012). The accuracy of drivers’ judgments of the effects of headlight glare on pedestrian recognition at night. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 56(1), 2241–2245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181312561472
   Google Scholar
• Wood, J. M. (2020). Nighttime driving: Visual, lighting and visibility challenges. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics: The Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists), 40(2), 187–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, J., Chaparro, A., Carberry, T., & Chu, B. S. (2010). Effect of simulated visual impairment on nighttime driving performance. Optometry and Vision Science: Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 87(6), 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181d95b0d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, J. M., Chiu, C.-N., Kim, G. H., Le, J., Lee, H. J., Nguyen, T., & Black, A. A. (2021). Refractive blur affects judgement of pedestrian walking direction at night. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics: The Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists), 41(3), 582–590. https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, J. M., Marszalek, R., Carberry, T., Lacherez, P., & Collins, M. J. (2015). Effects of different levels of refractive blur on nighttime pedestrian visibility. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 56(8), 4480–4485. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-16096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, J. M., Tyrrell, R. A., & Carberry, T. P. (2005). Limitations in drivers’ ability to recognize pedestrians at night. Human Factors, 47(3), 644–653. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872005774859980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, J. M., Tyrrell, R. A., Lacherez, P., & Black, A. A. (2017). Night-time pedestrian conspicuity: Effects of clothing on drivers’ eye movements. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics: The Journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists), 37(2), 184–190. https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, J. M., Tyrrell, R. A., Marszalek, R., Lacherez, P., & Carberry, T. (2013). Bicyclists overestimate their own night-time conspicuity and underestimate the benefits of retroreflective markers on the moveable joints. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 55, 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, J. M., Tyrrell, R. A., Marszalek, R., Lacherez, P., Chaparro, A., & Britt, T. W. (2011). Using biological motion to enhance the conspicuity of roadway workers. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 43(3), 1036–1041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2018). Global status report on road safety 2018: Summary. Retrieved January 18, 2022, from https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2018/en/
   Google Scholar
• Zukowski, D. (2022). Soaring pedestrian deaths in 2021 attributed, in part, to less traffic enforcement. SmartCities Dive. Retrieved April 27, 2022 from https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/news/soaring-pedestrian-deaths-in-2021-attributed-in-part-to-less-traffic-enfo/621703/#:∼:text=Dive%20Brief%3A,the%20Governors%20Highway%20Safety%20Association.
   Google Scholar