References
- American Association for the Advancement of Science . 1993 . Benchmarks for scientific literacy , New York : Oxford University Press .
- Baker , E.L. , Aschbacher , P. , Niemi , D. and Sato , E. 1992 . CRESST performance assessment models: Assessing content area explanations , Los Angeles : University of California, National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing .
- Baker , E.L. , Freeman , F. and Clayton , S. 1991 . “ Cognitive assessment of history for large‐scale testing ” . In Testing and cognition , Edited by: Wittrock , M.C. and Baker , E.L. 131 – 153 . Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
- Baker , E.L. and Niemi , D. 1996 . “ School and program evaluation ” . In Handbook of educational psychology , Edited by: Berliner , D.C. and Calfee , R.C. 926 – 944 . New York : Simon & Schuster Macmillan .
- Baker , E.L. , Niemi , D. , Novak , J. and Herl , H. 1993 . “ Hypertext as a strategy for teaching and assessing knowledge representation ” . In Instructional models in computer‐based learning environments , Edited by: Dijkstra , S. 365 – 384 . Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
- Ball , D. 1993 . With an eye on the mathematical horizon: Dilemmas of teaching elementary school mathematics . Elementary School Journal , 95 (4) : 373 – 397 .
- Behr , M.J. , Wachsmuth , I. , Post , T.R. and Lesh , R. 1984 . Order and equivalence of rational numbers: A clinical teaching experiment . Journal for Research in Mathematics Education , 13 : 323 – 341 .
- Bereiter , C. and Scardamalia , M. 1986 . Educational relevance of the study of expertise . Interchange , 17 (2) : 10 – 19 .
- Brownell , W.A. 1948 . Learning theory and educational practice . Journal of Educational Research , 41 : 481 – 497 .
- Chi , M.T.H. , Glaser , R. and Rees , E. 1982 . “ Expertise in problem solving ” . In Advances in the psychology of human intelligence , Edited by: Sternberg , R.I. Vol. 1 , 7 – 75 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
- Cole , N.S. 1990 . Conceptions of educational achievement . Educational Researcher , 19 (3) : 2 – 7 .
- Davydov , V.V. and Tsvetkovich , Z. 1991 . On the objective origin of the concept of fractions . Focus on Learning Problems in Mathematics , 13 : 13 – 61 .
- Ernest , P. 1994 . “ Introduction ” . In Understanding in mathematics , Edited by: Sierpinska , A. ix London : Falmer Press .
- Gelman , R. and Gattis , M. 1995 . Trends in educational psychology in the United States , Paris : UNESCO Publishing .
- Glaser , R. 1991 . “ Expertise and assessment ” . In Testing and cognition , Edited by: Wittrock , M.C. and Baker , E.L. 17 – 30 . Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
- Glaser , R. and Chi , M.T.H. 1988 . “ Overview ” . In The nature of expertise , Edited by: Chi , M.T.H. , Glaser , R. and Farr , M.J. xv – xxviii . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
- Glasersfeld , E.V. 1987 . “ Learning as a constructive activity ” . In Problems of representation in the teaching and learning of mathematics , Edited by: Janvier , C. 3 – 17 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
- Greeno , J.G. 1991 . Number sense as situated knowing in a conceptual domain . Journal for Research in Mathematics Education , 22 : 170 – 218 .
- Herl , H. , Baker , E.L. and Niemi , D. 1996 . Construct validation of an approach to modeling cognitive structure of U.S. history knowledge . Journal of Educational Research , 89 : 206 – 218 .
- Highet , G. 1954 . The art of teaching , New York : Vintage .
- Kerslake , D. 1986 . Fractions: Children's strategies and errors, a report of the Strategies and Errors in Secondary Mathematics project , Windsor, , England : NFER‐Nelson .
- Kieren , T.E. 1992 . “ Rational and fractional numbers as mathematical and personal knowledge: Implications for curriculum and instruction ” . In Analysis of arithmetic for mathematics teaching , Edited by: Lein‐hardt , G. , Putnam , R. and Hattrup , R.A. 323 – 371 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
- Kintsch , W. 1977 . Memory and cognition , New York : John Wiley .
- Lampen , M. 1986 . Knowing, doing, and teaching multiplication . Cognition and Instruction , 3 : 305 – 342 .
- Linn , M.C. , Songer , N.B. and Eylon , B. 1996 . “ Shifts and convergences in science learning and instruction ” . In Handbook of educational psychology , Edited by: Berliner , D.C. and Calfee , R.C. 438 – 490 . New York : Simon & Schuster Macmillan .
- National Council of Teachers of Mathematics . 1989 . Curriculum and evaluation standards for school mathematics , Reston, VA : National Council of Teachers of Mathematics .
- Niemi , D. 1996a . Assessing conceptual understanding in mathematics: Representations, problem solutions, justifications, and explanations . Journal of Educational Research , 89 : 351 – 363 .
- Niemi , D. 1996b . Evidence for the construct validity of measures of principled understanding , (CSE Technical Report No. 3) Los Angeles : University of California, National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing .
- Piaget , J. , Inhelder , B. and Szeminska , A. 1960 . The child's conception of geometry , New York : Basic Books .
- Scardamalia , M. and Bereiter , C. 1986 . “ Research on written composition ” . In Handbook of research on teaching , Edited by: Wittrock , M.C. 778 – 803 . New York : Macmillan .
- Shulman , L.S. and Quinlan , K.M. 1996 . “ The comparative psychology of school subjects ” . In Handbook of educational psychology , Edited by: Berliner , D.C. and Calfee , R.C. 399 – 422 . New York : Simon & Schuster Macmillan .
- Silver , E.A. 1981 . Recall of mathematical problem information: Solving related problems . Journal for Research in Mathematics Education , 12 : 54 – 64 .
- Skinner , B.F. 1961 . Why we need teaching machines . Harvard Educational Review , 31 : 377 – 398 .
- Thorndike , E.L. 1906 . The principles of teaching , New York : A.G. Seiler .
- Webb , N. and Romberg , T.A. 1992 . “ Implications of the NCTM standards for mathematics assessment ” . In Mathematics assessment and evaluation: Imperatives for mathematics educators , Edited by: Romberg , T.A. 37 – 60 . Albany : State University of New York Press .
- Wineburg , S.S. 1996 . “ The psychology of learning and teaching history ” . In Handbook of educational psychology , Edited by: Berliner , D.C. and Calfee , R.C. 423 – 437 . New York : Simon & Schuster Macmillan .