Active Railway Suspensions: Implementation Status and Technological Trends

REFERENCES

• Goodall , R. M. and Kortum , W. Active controls in ground transportation - a review of the state ofthe art and future potential . Vehicle System Dynamics Vol. 12 , pp. 225 – 257 , 1983 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodall , R. M. and Kortum , W. Railroad Systems Active Control . Concise Encyclopedia of Transportation Technology and Systems , pp. 346 – 353 , Pergamon, 1991 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamopp , D. C. Are active suspensions really necessary? , Paper 78-WA/DE-12 at ASME Winter Meeting , San Francisco 1978 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodall , R. M. and Kortum , W. Active Suspensions for Railway Vehicles an unavoidable luxuryor an inevitable consequence? , Proc of 11th IFAC World Congress , Vol. 10 , pp. 219 – 225 , Tallinn, Estonia, August 13-17 , 1990 .
   Google Scholar
• Ford , R. , Tilt no longer a novelty in Europe. Railway Gazette International , pp. 249 – 252 , April 1997 .
   Google Scholar
• Kortum , W. , Goodall , R. M. and Hedrick , J. K. , Mechatronics in Ground Transportation Currenttrends and future possibilities . Proc 8th IFAC Symp on Transportation Systems , Chania , Greece , June 1997 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , C. G. Active Suspensions for Railway Vehicles will they pay? Proc Int Conf Railtech 94 , Paper C478/5/029. IMechE . 1994 .
   Google Scholar
• Harborough , P. R. Passenger Comfort during high speed curving Summary Report . British RailResearch report TR DOS 018 , 1986 .
   Google Scholar
• Anon Railway applications ride comfort for passengers Measurement and Evaluation . DK CENTC/256 WG/7, 4th draft rev , 1993 .
   Google Scholar
• Suescun , A. , Martin , L. M. , Gimenez , J. G. , Vinolas , J. Use of inverse dynamics in thedevelopment of tilt control strategies for rail vehicles . Vehicle System Dynamics , Vol. 25 , No. Suppl , pp. 655 – 667 , 1996 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson , J. T. , Goodall , R. M. and Pratt , I. Control system studies of an active antiroll bar tiltsystem for railway vehicles . To be published , IMechE Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit , 1997/8 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamopp , D. C. Active and passive isolation of random vibration . Isolation of mechanicalvibration impact and noise, AMD Vol. 1 No. 1 , (Snowdon, J. C. and Ungar, E. Em., Eds.), ASME Monograph , pp. 64 – 86 , 1973 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , B. R. , Thompson . A. G. Optimal linear active suspensions with integral constraint . Vehicle System Dynamics , Vol. 17 , pp. 357 – 366 , 1988 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamopp , D. C. , Crosby , M. J. and Harwood , R. J. Vibration Control using semi-active forcegenerators . Trans ASME, Journal of Engineering for Industry , pp. 619 – 626 , 1974 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamopp , D. C. Vehicle response to stochastic roadways . Vehicle System Dynamics Vol. 7 , pp. 97 – 109 , 1978 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp , R. S. and Wilson , D. A. On control laws for vehicle suspensions accounting for inputcorrelations . Vehicle System Dynamics , Vol. 19 , pp. 353 – 363 , 1990 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodall , R. M. , Performance limits for active secondary railway suspensions , Proc InternationalConference on Railway Speed-up Technology (JSME) , Vol. 2 , pp. 81 – 86 , Yokohama, Nov 1993 .
   Google Scholar
• Karnopp , D. C. Continuum model study of preview effects in actively-suspended long trains . Journal of Franklin Inst. , Vol. 285 , No. 4 , pp. 251 – 260 , 1968 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimura , T. , Edokoro , K. , Ananthanarayana , N. Active suspension model for rail/vehiclesystems with preview and stochastic optimal control . Journal of Sound and Vibration , Vol. 166 , No. 3 , pp. 507 – 519 , 1993 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujioka , T. , Yamada , H. Preview control of active suspension for railway vehicles . AmericanSociety of Mechanical Engineers, Dynamic Systems and Control Division (Publication) DSC , Vol. 58 , pp. 149 – 156 , 1996 .
   Google Scholar
• Jezequel , L. , Roberti , V. , Ouyahia , B. , Toutain , Y. Improvement of very high speed trains comfortwith preview semiactive suspensions . Proceedings of the 12th IAVSD Symposium on Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads from Tracks ., Lyon , Fr , Aug 26–30 1991 , Vehicle System Dynamics , Vol. 20 , No. Suppl , pp. 299 – 313 , 1991 .
   Google Scholar
• Elia , A. , Oisini , C Independent wheels . Proc IMechE seminar S043 , Railway Dynamics for today and tomorrow , London 1993 .
   Google Scholar
• Dukkipati , R. V. , Narayana Swamy , S. and Osman , M. O. M. Independently rotating wheelsystems for railways a state of the art review . Vehicle System Dynamics , Vol. 21 , pp. 297 – 330 , 1993 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickens , A. H. Dynamics of actively guided vehicles . Vehicle System Dynamics , Vol. 20 , No. 3 – 4 , pp. 219 – 242 , 1991 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishi , A. , Nishimura , S. , Kikuchi , I. , Shirane , Y. and Youmada , J. A high speed powered tiltingvehicle with air springs , Sumitomo search, No. 7, May 1972 .
   Google Scholar
• Kayserling , U. Power bogies of the DB200km/h ET403 incorporating body tilt through the secondary air suspension . Rail Engineering International , pp. 414 – 8 , Nov/Dec 1974 .
   Google Scholar
• Boocock , D. and King , B. L. Development of the prototype Advanced Passenger Train . Proc IMechE , vol. 196 , pp. 35 – 46 , March 1982 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binnewies , H. Body tilt passenger coaches . Rail Int , Vol. 18 , No. 3 , pp. 21 – 25 , March 1987 .
   Google Scholar
• Casini , C. , Piro , G. , Mancini , C The Italian tilting train ETR460 . Proc IMechE Conf STech96 , paper C514/058/96 , pp. 297 – 305 , 1996 .
   Google Scholar
• Elia , A. Fiat Ferroviaria Group the Pendolino tilting systems . Proc IMechE Seminar S479, Tilting trains in the UK? , London 1997 .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , E. , Bahr , H. V. and Nilstam , N. G. Allowing higher speeds on existing tracks design considerations of the X2000 train for Swedish State Railways . Proc IMechE Pt F , Vol. 209 , No. 2 , pp. 93 – 104 , 1995 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anon Talgo target is 250 km/h. Railway Gazette International , Vol. 145 , No. 12 , pp. 899 – 900 , 1989 .
   Google Scholar
• Sauer , B. The BR 611 DMU with new tilting technology . Proc lnt Conf Railtech 96 , IMechE paper C511/8/076/96 , 1996 .
   Google Scholar
• Pennington , K. W. and Pollard , M. G. The development of an electro-mechanical tilt system for the Advanced Passenger Train . IMechE Conf on Electric versus Hydraulic drives , paper C299/83 , pp. 21 – 28 , 1983 .
   Google Scholar
• Anon Heading for the 21st century. Siemens Transportation Systems Express , Vol. 1/97 , p. 5 , Feb 1997 .
   Google Scholar
• Anon Tilting system ., (Commercial brochure) , Bombardier Eurorail , 1996 .
   Google Scholar
• Herman , D. All aboard for high-speed rail . ASME Mechanical Engineering , Vol. 118 , No. 9 , pp. 94 – 97 . 1996 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford , R. SIG blows away the mystique of tilt. Railway Gazette International , pp. 367 – 8 , June 1995 .
   Google Scholar
• Stribersky , A. The development of an integrated suspension control technology for passenger trains . Proc IMechE Seminar S479 , Tilting Trains in the UK?, London 1997 .
   Google Scholar
• Stribersky , A. , Steidl , S. , Muller , H. and Roth , B. On dynamic analyses of rail vehicles with electronically controlled suspensions . Proc 14th IAVSD Symp, Vehicle System Dynamics , Vol. 25 (Supplement) , pp. 614 – 628 , 1996 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dusing , M. , Lu , Y. and Jakob , J. , Warkstutzefur Schienenfahrzeuge . German patentDE4311521 CI, April 1994 .
   Google Scholar
• Nakagawa , A. The latest pendulum EMU train (series 383) . Japanese Railway Engineering , No. 135 , pp. 21 – 25 , 1995 .
   Google Scholar
• Higaki , H. , Fujimori , S. , Horike , Y. , Yasui , T. , Koyanagi , S. , Okamoto , I. , Terada , K. Activepneumatic tilting system for railway cars . Proceedings of the 12th IAVSD Symposium on Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads from Tracks , Lyon , Fr , Aug 26–30 1991 , Vehicle System Dynamics , Vol. 20 , No. Suppl , pp. 254 – 268 , 1991 .
   Google Scholar
• Matsuda , K. , Kinoshita , N. , and Okamoto , I. Controlled pendulum system for tilt body rolling stock . Proc Int Conf STECH 93 , Vol. 2 , pp. 1 – 4 , JSME , 1993 .
   Google Scholar
• Sasaki , K. , Kato , H. , Konokawa , T. , Sato , Y. and Kakehi , Y. Active tilting control of series E991 EMU experimental train (development of third generation active tilting control) . Proc IMechE Conf STech96 , Paper C514/055/96 , 1996 .
   Google Scholar
• Kimata , M. and Komine , T. Outline and technical approach of the Shinkansen 300X project . Proc J-RAIL 95 , pp. 195 – 8 , 1995 .
   Google Scholar
• Nishioka , Y. , Tamaki , A. , Isshihara , K. , Okabe , N. , Torii Osamu. , Tilt control system for railway vehicles using airsprings . Sumimoto Search , No. 56 , pp. 44 – 48 , Oct 1994 .
   Google Scholar
• Kurokawa , Y. , Moriyama , M. , Tomeoka , M. , Nishioka , Y. , Tamaki A. , Limited angle tilt control system by air springs . Proc STECH93 , Vol. 2 , pp. 361 – 364 , JSME 1993 .
   Google Scholar
• Pollard , M. G. and Simons , N. J. A. Passenger comfort the role of active suspensions . Proc IMechE PtD . Vol. 198 , No. 11 , pp. 161 – 175 , 1984 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , R. A. Active suspensions Classical or Optimal? Vehicle System Dynamics , Vol. 114 , No. 1–3 , pp. 127 – 132 , 1985 .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , D. H. Active bumpstop hold-off device , proc IMechE Conference Railtech 94 , paper C478/55/013 , 1994 .
   Google Scholar
• Roth , P. A. , Lizell , M. Lateral semi-active damping system for trains . Vehicle System Dynamics , Vol. 25 , No. Suppl , pp. 585 – 598 , 1996 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Neill , H. R. , Wale , G. D. Semi-active suspension improves rail vehicle ride . Computing & Control Engineering Journal , Vol. 5 , No. 4 , pp. 183 – 188 , Aug 1994 .
   Google Scholar
• Abete , J. M. Strategies for the Active Control of the Lateral Suspension of Railway Vehicles . Analysis, Development and Experimental test on tracks . Ph.D. Thesis, Escuela Superior de Ingenieros de San Sebastian , Universidad de Navarra , Spain , 1994 .
   Google Scholar
• Tang , J. S. Passive and semi-active airspring suspensions for rail passenger vehicles theory and practice . Proc IMechE Vol. 210 , pp. 103 - 117 . 1996 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jindai , K. , Kasai , K. , Terada , K. , Kakehi , Y. and Iwasaki , F. Fundamental study on semi-actively controlled pneumatic servo suspensions for rail cars . Joint ASME/IEEE Railroad Conf, ASME paper81-RT-6 , 1981 .
   Google Scholar
• Okamoto , I. , Koyanagi , A. , Higahi , H. , Terada , K. , Sebata , M. and Takai , H. An active suspension system for railroad passenger cars . Proc Joint IEEE/ASME Railroad Conf , pp. 141 – 6 , Toronto 1987 .
   Google Scholar
• Sasaki , K. , Kato , H. , Konokawa , T. , Tsuboi , J. , Arai , J. and Murata , M. Development of active suspension system for narrow gauge railway test vehicles . JSME, Lecture at 73rd convention , 1995 .
   Google Scholar
• Negoro , S. , Maruyawa , Y. , Hirata , T. , Sasaki , K. and Kato , H. Development of oil-hydraulic suspension system for railway vehicles (Bench test and running test with actual car) . JSME Theory of Mechanisms , No. 95 – 1 , 1995 .
   Google Scholar
• Sebata , M. , Higaki , H. , Kakehi , Y. , Hara , K. , Sasaki , K. and Kato , H. A hydraulic active suspension system for experimental car Try-Z for conventional lines (1st report, 1st running tests) . JSME Control of Motion and Vibration , No. 95 – 28 , 1995 .
   Google Scholar
• Matsushima , H. , Nishi , Y. , Shimizu , K. , Uno , T. , Kanbayashi , K , Kikuno , S. and Usui , S. A development of active control for very high speed railway vehicles . JSME 73rd Fall Meeting , pp. 103 – 104 , 1995 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoshikawa , Y. , Tajima , S. and Koizumi , S. An Active suspension for railway vehicles . Proc Conf STECH 93 , Vol. 2 , pp. 87 – 92 , JSME 1993 .
   Google Scholar
• Hirata , T. , Koizumi , S. , and Takahashi , R. H. , infinity control of railroad vehicle active suspension . Automatica , Vol. 31 , No. I , Jan 1995 .
   Google Scholar
• Sakurai , K. , Utsunomiya , M. , Yagi , E. and Yoshimoto , Y. Development of a new Shinkansen vehicle, series 500, for realisation of 300 km/h commercial operation . Proc Conf STech96, IMechE paper C514/031/96 , 1996 .
   Google Scholar
• Norinao , H. Active and semi-active suspensions smooth 300 km/h ride . Railway Gazette International , pp. 241 – 2 , April 1997 .
   Google Scholar
• Sasaki , K. , Simomura , T. , Yamaguchi , M. , Norinao , H. and Nakazato , M. Development of semi-active suspension system of Shinkansen vehicle . Proc 4th Transportation and Logistics Conf (Translog 95) , pp. 104 – 7 . Kawasaki. Japan , 1995 .
   Google Scholar
• Takenawa , S. , Homabe , M. , Shimizu , S. , Tamaki , A. , Koizumi , S. and Hirata , T. An active suspension system for the 500 series Shinkansen . Pproc 4th Transportation and Logistics Conf (Translog 95) , pp. 112 – 3 , Kawasaki , Japan , 1995 .
   Google Scholar
• Kurokawa , Y. , Moriyama , M. , Tomeoka , M. , Ishihara , K. and Torii , O. Electrical control system for airspring of railway vehicles . Proc Conf STECH 93 , Vol. 2 , pp. 355 – 360 , Yokohama , 1993 .
   Google Scholar
• Sasaki , K. , Kainoshita , S. , Enomoto , M. Design and bench test of multi-modal active suspension of railway vehicle . IECON Proceedings (Industrial Electronics Conference) , 1994 , Vol. 3 , pp. 2011 – 2016 , IEEE, Los Alamitos. CA, USA
   Google Scholar
• Tanifuji , K. and Shimamune , R. h. Experimental study of oil-hydraulic active suspension for railway vehicles using a scale model . Proc IMechE Conf Railtech96 , Paper C511/8/042/96 , 1996 .
   Google Scholar
• Leo , R. Creep controlled wheelsets for high speed service theory and test results . Proc 8th Int Wheelset Congress , Vol. 1.2 , pp. 1 – 16 , Madrid 1985 .
   Google Scholar
• Chollet , H. , Maupu , J. L. and Bernard , M. ERIOM Essieu a roues independantes oriente magnétiquement . Magnetically steerable wheelset with independent wheels calculation and tests at scale 1/4 . Proc 17th ICTAM Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Grenoble 1988 .
   Google Scholar
• Chollet , H. , Ayasse , J. B. and Pascal , J. P. Measurement of the transversal creepforce in a wheel-rail contact area . Proc Nth IAVSD Symp, Vehicle System Dynamics , Vol. 18 (Supple­ment) , pp. 97 – 107 , 1989 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aknin , P. , Ayasse , J. B. and Devallez , A. Active Steering of railway wheelsets , 12th IAVSD Conference , Lyon , August 1991 .
   Google Scholar
• Hondius , H. Microprocessors hamessed to optimise radial steering . Railway Gazette International , pp. 315 – 6 , May 1995 .
   Google Scholar
• Pederson , J. New S-trains for Copenhagen , European Railway Review , pp. 29 – 33 , Nov 1995 .
   Google Scholar
• Suda , Y. , Anderson , R. J. , Yamada , K. Dynamics of unsymmetric suspension trucks with semiactive control . Proceedings of the 13th IAVSD Symposium on the Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and on Tracks , Sichuan , China , Aug 23-27 1993 , Vehicle System Dynamics, Vol. 23, No. SUPPL , pp. 480 – 496 , 1994 .
   Google Scholar
• et al. . Parameter identification and experimental investigations of unconventional railway wheelset design on a scaled roller rig. proc 14th IAVSD Symp , Vehicle System Dynamics , Vol. 25 (Supplement) , 1996 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt , I. and Goodall , R. M. Controlling the ride quality of the central portion of a high speed railway train . American Control Conference (ACC'97) , Albuquerque , New Mexico , July 1997 .
   Google Scholar
• Shenton , A. T. and Mellor , P. H. Fundamental requirements for high-performance electomechanical actuators for aerospace and active suspension applications . Proc 2nd International Conf Actuator 90 , pp. 206 – 210 , 1990 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodall , R. M. , Pearson , J. T. and Pratt , I. Actuator technologies for active secondary suspensions . Proc International Conference on Railway Speed-up Technology (JSME) , Vol. 2 , pp. 377 – 382 , Yokohama , Nov 1993 .
   Google Scholar
• Ferri , A. A. and Heck , B. S. Semi-active suspension using dry friction energy dissipation . Proc American Control Conf , Vol. I , pp. 31 – 35 , 1992 .
   Google Scholar
• Wale , G. D. Variable spring force actuator . UK patent application 964975.0 , 1996 .
   Google Scholar
• Leighton , N. J. and Pullen , J. A novel active suspension system for automotive application . Proc ImechE Pt D , Vol. 208 , No. 4 , pp. 243 – 250 , 1994 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellinga , R. and Nakazato , M. A digital stroke-sensing cylinder , (source unknown), paper 1991-10 , 1991 .
   Google Scholar
• Shen , G. and Goodall , R. M. , Active yaw relaxation for improved bogie performance . Vehicle System Dynamics , Vol. 28 , 1997 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell , A. J. , Wickens , A. H. Active guidance of railway vehicles using traction motor torque control . Vehicle System Dynamics , Vol. 25 , Suppl , pp. 573 – 584 , 1996 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choromanski , W. Application of Neural Network for intelligent wheelset and railway vehicleactive suspension design . Vehicle System Dynamics , Vol. 25 (Supplement) , pp. 87 – 98 , 1996 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotz , G. Safety engineering for an active hunting controller for bogies in wheel/rail systems . Proc IFAC Symp on Control in Transportation Systems , pp. 325 – 331 , 1983 .
   Google Scholar