- Harry Hoijer introduced me to the Athapaskan material, and read an original draft.
- Fred W. Householder, Jr., has contributed the Indo-European examples, together with valuable suggestions about terminology.
- “Cultural Implications of Some Navaho Linguistic Categories,” Language 27.111120 (1951).
- “Grammatical Categories,” Language 21.1–11 (1945).
- “Fundamentals of Concept Formation in Empirical Science,” International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, 2, 7.10ff (1952).
- Hoijer, “The Structure of the Noun in the Apachean Languages,” International Congress of Americanists, 28.173–184 (1947).
- F. K. Li, “Chipewyan,” Linguistic Structures of Native America Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology 6.398–423 (1946).
- F. K. Li, Mallole, An Athapaskan Language (Chicago, 1930).
- P. E. Goddard, “Athapascan (Hupa),” Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 40, Part 1, 85–158 (1911).
- We do not treat the well-known categories of the noun such as class of round objects, class of long objects, etc. These are covert, as Whorf pointed out; the particular category is indicated only by a choice between certain verb stems in some of its occurrences.
- Language 29.347–350 (1953), contains an excellent survey of this category in North America and Oceania by Emeneau.
- Optional category denoted by parentheses, necessary category by their absence.
- Hoijer, “The Apachean Vern,” IJAL 11.193–203; 12.1–13; 12.51–59; 14.247259; 15.12–32 (1945, 1946, 1948, 1949). idem, “Classificatory Verb Stems in the Apachean Languages,” IJAL 11.13–23 (1945).—Gladys Reichard states that “the isolation of the inflective prefix, which immediately precedes the pronominal prefix of the verb complex, invalidates Hoijer's place numbering of prefixes;” and “still another point of disagreement is that, if place numbers are to be used satisfactorily, they should be from right 'o left, instead of the reverse, counting backward from the stem” (Navaho Grammar, Publications American Ethnological Society 21 (1951), p. 10). The first statement, postulating an inflective prefix, is based on such analyses as occurring béš- into hypothetical bi- plus ná- plus ná- plus -š- in order to account for a puzzling change of tone. The second statement is merely arbitrary.
- Hoijer, “Chiricahua Apache,” Linguistic Structures of Native America, Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology 6.55–84 (1946).
- Li remarks that a 4th person might have existed in Mattole but have been missed due to the conditions of the field work; he adds that there is certainly none in Chipewyan (personal communication). A recent survey of “The Category of Person in L'anguage” finds (in its theory) no place for a 4th person; we yield in our analysis to the speakers of Athapaskan, who apparently do.
- Li, 1930, p. 146, n. #27; also, p. 62, item 47, and p. 139, n. #5.
- Goddard, 1911, p. 154, n. #46; p. 155, n. #57.
- Hoijer, 1946 (ISNA), p. 77: PrOb plus -ā. Cf. Mattole -ā, li, 1930, p. 135.
- No augment in Latin.
- So also, it would seem, in Mattole; cf. Li, 1930, p. 56, n. #17, and p. 57, n. #20.
- Sapir, “The Na-Dene Languages, A Preliminary Report.” American Anthropologist 17.540ff (1915).
- Ibid., 540–541.
- Ibid., 537, 538; see also Sapir, “A Type of Athabaskan Relative.” IJAL 2.136–142 (1923), esp. 140; also, “Central and North American Languages.” Encyclopedia Britannica (14th ed.. 1929), also in Selected Writings (1949) 169–178.
- Knut Bergsland, “Kleinschmidt Centennial IV: Aleut Demonstratives and the Aleut-Eskimo Relationship,” IJAL 17.179 (1951): “Whole Aleut utterances can be transposed morpheme by morpheme into Eskimo…. This fact as such, however, can not be taken as a proof of genetic relationship, at least not at the present stage of comparative structural linguistics.”
- Lounsbury, Oneida Verb Morphology, Yale University Publications in Anthropology 48 (1953).
- Idem, p. 22.
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