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Original Articles

Metanalysis and Reshaping in Welsh

Pages 187-206 | Published online: 16 Jun 2015

  • Charles F. Hockett, A Course in Modem Linguistics (New York: Macmillan, 1958), pp. 287–288 and 390–391.
  • Ibid. p. 287.
  • Louis Marek, ‘Metanalysis,’ Adelphi Quarterly (Summer, 1964), 22–24.
  • Louis Marek, ‘Metanalysis,’ in Studies in Honor of J. Alexander Kerns, ed. R. C. Lugton and Milton Saltzer (The Hague: Mouton, 1970), pp. 81–83. Page references to Marck are from this article, except when diss. is specifically added to the pagination.
  • “Om Subtraktionsdannelser, særligt på dansk og engelsk,” in Festskrift til Vilhelm Thomsenfra Disciple (Copenhagen: Gyldendalske Boghandels Forlag [F. Hegel & Søn], 1894), pp. 1–30.
  • Abram Smythe Palmer, Leaves from a Word-Hunter's Notebook (London: Trübner, 1876).
  • Folk-Etymology—A dictionary of verbal corruptions or words perverted in form or meaning, by false derivation or mistaken analogy (London: George Bell and Sons, 1882); cf. Marck, diss., pp. 71–76.
  • Alf Sommerfelt, Studies in Cyfeiliog Welsh (Oslo: J. Dybwad, 1925), p. 117.
  • A. W. Wade-Evans, “Fishguard Welsh (Cwmrag Abergwaun),” Transactions of the Guild of Graduates for the Year 1906 (Cardiff, 1907), p. 28. The author states that, since Fishguard Welsh tended to form noun plurals by means of adding terminations rather than altering medial vowels, he was as a child often bewildered as to the method of forming the plurals of words like arth, tarw, and so on. The plural cacwn ‘hornets’ was regarded (metanalyzed?) as singular, and the plural cacwns was formed from it, another example of additive numerical metanalysis (and, in part, bilingual). This is reminiscent of such hypercharacterized plurals as spaghettis, with the preliminary analysis of spaghetti as a singular, as in the case of media, graffiti, and so on.
  • The journal Transactions, which is exceedingly difficult to find in the United States, often has valuable contributions of philological and linguistic nature. Its Dialect Section produced numerous compilations of great value.
  • J. Morris-Jones, A Welsh Grammar (Oxford, 1913), p. 222.
  • R. J. Thomas, ed. Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru (A Dictionary of the Welsh Language) (Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru, 1950-), p. 264 (hereafter cited as GPC).
  • GPC, p. 260. Cf. also Alan R. Thomas, Studia Celtica VII (1972), 164–165, and The Linguistic Geography of Wales (Cardiff: Univ. of Wales Press, 1973), p. 265 (hereafter cited as LGW); and T. H. Parry-Williams, The English Element in Welsh (London: Hon. Soc. of Cymmrodorion, Record Series, No. x, 1923), p. 59 (hereafter cited as EEW). The late T H. Parry-Williams, who was perhaps first a poet (one of the best in Europe) and then a professor, was also a scholar whose philological writings are still quoted, although he himself belittled them. The scholar-poet is still not uncommon in Celtic lands.
  • GPC, p. 265; also J. Baudis, Grammar of Early Welsh (Oxford, 1924), pp. 161–162.
  • J. Vendryes, Le Language (Paris: La Renaissance du Livre, 1921), pp. 97–98.
  • Leonard Bloomfield, Language (New York: Holt, 1933), p. 419.
  • Louis H. Gray, Foundations of Language (New York: Macmillan, 1939), p. 72.
  • Thomas Pyles and John Algeo, English: An Introduction to Language (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970), pp. 113–114.
  • Thomas Pyles, The Origins and Development of the English Language (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1964), p. 185.
  • Marck points out (diss., p. 80) that earlier scholars, notably C. P. G. Scott, have shown that the initial n in such names could stem from several words other than mine. an, thine, none, in, and so on. Cf. also Ernest Weekley, The Romance of Words (1912; reprint ed., New York: Dover, 1960), p. 105.
  • “Vox Populi—A Plea for the Vulgar Tongue,” Trans. Guild of Grads. (1902), pp. 21–33; cf. esp. pp. 26–27.
  • Publ. 1905; cf. p. 55.
  • See n. 8 above.
  • Certain minor diacritical marks used in Sommerfelt's phonetically refined transcription have been omitted here, since they are not germane to the discussion.
  • Samuel J. Evans, Studies in Welsh Phonology (London: David Nutt, and Newport, Mon.: John E. Southall, 1909), esp. pp. 96–100.
  • See n. 13 above.
  • Holger Pedersen, Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen, 2 vols. (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1909, 1913), 1. 435.
  • T. Arwyn Watkins, Ieithyddiaeth (Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru, 1961), 31, 58–59.
  • O. H. Fynes-Clinton, The Welsh Vocabulary of the Bangor District (printed for the author at the Oxford Univ. Press, 1913) (hereafter cited as WVBD).
  • Henry Lewis and Holger Pedersen, A Concise Comparative Celtic Grammar (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1937), p. 122. Cf. also Morris-Jones, pp. 128 and 267.
  • Julius Pokomy, Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (Bern: Francke, 1959–69), p. 826; and Pedersen, 1.91.
  • D. Silvan Evans, A Dictionary of Welsh Language (A-En) (Carmarthen: Spurrell, 1888-1906), p. 428.
  • Joannes Davies, Antiquae Linguae Britannicae nunc communiter dictae Cambro-Britannicae… et Linguae Latinae Dictionarium Duplex (London, 1632), unpaged; s.v. maingc.
  • Henry Lewis, Yr Elfen Ladin yn yr faith Gymraeg (Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru, 1943), p. 32.
  • Marck, diss., p. 3.
  • Weekley, The Romance of Words (see n. 9 above). Chap. V of the book is entitled “Phonetic Accidents” (pp. 49–65).
  • Hockett (see n. 1 above), p. 390.

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