Where are the gardens? Early Iron Age horticulture in the Thukela River Basin of South Africa

REFERENCES

• Bird J 1965 [1888] The Annals of Natal, 1495–1845 2 vols. Cape Town: C. Stuik [Pietermaritzburg: P. Davis and Sons]
   Google Scholar
• Bisson M 2000 Precolonial copper metallurgy: sociopolitical context In Ancient Africa Metallurgy: The Socio-cultural Context (eds M. Bisson, S. T Childes, P. de Barros and A. F. C. Holl), Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press pp. 83–145
   Google Scholar
• Champion G 1967 Journal of the Reverend George Champion, American Missionary in Zululand 1835–1839 (ed. Alan R. Booth), Cape Town: C. Struik
   Google Scholar
• Davison , P . 1988 . The social use of domestic space in a Mpondo homestead . The South African Archaelogical Bulletin , 43 : 100 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Fowler KD 2002 Early Iron Age community organization in southern Africa: social and symbolic dimensions of ceramic production, use and discard at Ndondondwane Doctoral dissertation, University of Alberta, Edmonton
   Google Scholar
• Fowler , KD , Greenfield , HJ and van Schalkwyk , LO . 2000 . The identification and significance of ceramic ecofacts from Early Iron Age Ndondondwane, South Africa . Southern African Field Archaeology , 9 : 32 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Fowler , KD , Greenfield , HJ and van Schalkwyk , LO . 2004 . The effects of burrowing activity on archaeological sites: Ndondondwane, South Africa . Geoarchaeology , 19 : 441 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfield , HJ and Miller , D . 2004 . Metal production at Ndondondwane, an Early Iron Age site in KwaZulu/Natal, South Africa . Journal of Archaeological Science , 31 : 1511 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfield , HJ and van Schalkwyk , LO . 2003 . Intra-settlement social and economic organization of Early Iron Age farming communities in southern Africa: view from Ndondondwane . Azania , 38 : 121 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Greenfield , HJ , van Schalkwyk , LO and Jongsma , TL . 1997 . Ndondondwane: preliminary report on the 1995 survey and excavations . Nyame Akuma , 47 : 42 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Greenfield , HJ , van Schalkwyk , LO and Jongsma , TL . 2000 . Surface and subsurface reconnaissance at Ndondondwane: preliminary results of the 1995–97 field seasons . Southern African Field Archaeology , 9 : 5 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Hall M 1981 Settlement Patterns in the Iron Age of Zululand: An Ecological Interpretation Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 9, Oxford: BAR International Series 119
   Google Scholar
• Huffman , TN . 1986 . Iron Age settlement patterns and the origins of class distinction in southern Africa . Advances in World Archaeology , 5 : 291 – 338 .
   Google Scholar
• Huffman , TN . 1993 . Broederstroom and the Central Cattle Pattern . South African Journal of Science , 89 : 220 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huffman , TN . 2001 . The Central Cattle Pattern and interpreting the past . Southern African Humanities , 13 : 19 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Klapwijk , M . 1973 . An Early Iron Age site near Tzaneen, N. E. Transvaal . South African Journal of Science , 29 : 19 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuper A 1982 Cattle for Wives: Bridewealth and Marriage in Southern Africa London: Routlege & Kegan Paul
   Google Scholar
• Loubser , JHN . 1993 . Ndondondwane: the significance of feature and finds from a ninth-century site on the lower Thukela River, Natal . Natal Museum Journal of Humanities , 5 : 109 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Mack , K , Maggs , T and Oswald , D . 1991 . Homesteads in two rural Zulu communities: an ethnoarchaeological investigation . Natal Museum Journal of Humanities , 3 : 79 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• Maggs , TO . 1980 . The Iron Age sequence south of the Vaal and Pongola Rivers: some historical implications . Journal of African History , 21 : 1 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maggs , TO . 1984a . Ndondondwane; a preliminary report on an Early Iron Age site on the lower Tugela River . Annals of the Natal Museum , 26 : 71 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Maggs TO 1984b Iron Age settlement and subsistence patterns in the Tugela River Basin, Natal In Frontiers of Southern African Archaeology Today (eds M. Hall, G. Avery, D. M. Avery, M. L. Wilson and A. J. B. Humphreys), Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 10, Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series 207 pp. 194–206
   Google Scholar
• Maggs TO 1984c The Iron Age south of the Zambezi In Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments (ed. R. Klein), Rotterdam: Balken pp. 329–60
   Google Scholar
• Maggs TO 1989 The Iron Age farming communities In Natal and Zululand: From Earliest Time to 1910: A New History (eds A. Duminy and B. Guest), Pietermaritzberg: University of Natal Press/Shuter & Shooter pp. 28–48
   Google Scholar
• Maggs , TO . 1995 . The Early Iron Age in the extreme south: some patterns and problems . Azania , 29/30 : 171 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Maggs , T and Ward , V . 1984 . Early Iron Age sites in the Muden area of Natal . Annals of the Natal Museum , 26 : 105 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Maggs , T , Oswald , D , Hall , M and Rüther , H . 1986 . Spatial parameters of Late Iron Age settlements in the upper Thukela Valley . Annals of the Natal Museum , 27 : 455 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Maphumulo P 1986 Middledrift archaeological sites: soil survey Unpublished report, Eshowe: KwaZulu Government Service, Department of Agriculture and Forestry
   Google Scholar
• Miller , D . 2002 . Smelter and smith: Iron age metal fabrication technology in southern Africa . Journal of Archeological Science , 29 : 1083 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , D and Whitelaw , G . 1994 . Early Iron Age metal working from the site of KwaGandaganda, Natal, South Africa . South African Archaeological Bulletin , 49 : 79 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell P 2002 The Archaeology of Southern Africa Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
   Google Scholar
• Perestrello MdeM 1898 Narrative of the wreck of the ship St. Benedict [São Bento] In Records of South-Eastern Africa (ed. G. M. Theal), London: William Clowes pp. 218–85
   Google Scholar
• Reid , A and Young , R . 2000 . Pottery abrasion and the preparation of African grains . Antiquity , 74 : 101 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Schalkwyk LO 1992 Society in transformation: Early Iron Age mixed-farming communities in the Lower Thukela Basin, Zululand Master's thesis, Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town
   Google Scholar
• van Schalkwyk , LO . 1994a . Wosi: an Early Iron Age village in the lower Thukela Basin, Natal . Natal Museum Journal of Humanities , 6 : 65 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• van Schalkwyk , LO . 1994b . Mamba confluence: a preliminary report on an Early Iron Age industrial centre in the lower Thukela Basin, Natal . Natal Museum Journal of Humanities , 6 : 119 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• van Schalkwyk , LO . 1995 . Settlement shifts and socio-economic transformations in early farming communities in the lower Thukela basin, Zululand. a revisionist model . Azania , 29/30 : 187 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• van Schalkwyk , LO , Greenfield , HJ and Jongsma , TL . 1997 . Ndondondwane: preliminary report on the 1995 survey and excavations . Southern African Field Archaeology , 6 : 61 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Whitelaw , GD . 1994 . KwaGandaganda: settlement patters in the Natal Early Iron Age . Natal Museum Journal of Humanities , 6 : 1 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Whitelaw , GD and Moon , M . 1996 . The ceramics and distribution of pioneer agriculturalists in KwaZulu-Natal . Natal Museum Journal of Humanities , 8 : 53 – 79 .
   Google Scholar