The Acheulean is a temporally cohesive tradition

References

• Adler, D.S., K.N. Wilkinson, S. Blockley, D.F. Mark, R. Pinhasi, B.A. Schmidt-Magee, S. Nahapetyan, et al. 2014. “Early Levallois Technology and the Lower to Middle Paleolithic Transition in the Southern Caucasus.” Science 345 (6204): 1609–1613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhilesh, K., S. Pappu, H.M. Rajapara, Y Gunnell, A.D. Shukla, and A.K. Singhvi. 2018. “Early Middle Palaeolithic Culture in India around 385-172 Ka Reframes Out of Africa Models.” Nature 554 (7690): 97–101. doi:10.1038/nature25444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arroyo, A., T. Proffitt, and A. Key. 2019. “Morphometric and Technological Analysis of Acheulean Large Cutting Tools from Porzuna (Ciudad Real, Spain) and Questions of African Affinities.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 27: 101992.
   Google Scholar
• Ashton, N., and R. Davis. 2021. “Cultural Mosaics, Social Structure, and Identity: The Acheulean Threshold in Europe.” Journal of Human Evolution 156: 103011. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae, K. 2017. “Paleolithic Archaeology in Korea.” In Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology, edited by J. Habu, P.V. Lape, and J.W. Olsen, 219–239. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Bates, M.R., F.F. Wenban-Smith, S.M. Bello, D.R. Bridgland, L.T. Buck, M.J. Collins, D.H. Keen, et al. 2014. “Late Persistence of the Acheulian in Southern Britain in an MIS 8 Interstadial: Evidence from Harnham, Wiltshire.” Quaternary Science Reviews 101: 159–176. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.07.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bevan, A., and E.R. Crema. 2020. “Modifiable Reporting Unit Problems and Time Series of long-term Human Activity.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 376 (1816): 20190726. doi:10.1098/rstb.2019.0726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyene, Y., S. Katoh, G. WoldeGabriel, W.K. Hart, K. Uto, M. Sudo, M. Kondo, M. Hyodo, P.R. Renne, and B. Asfaw. 2013. “The Characteristics and Chronology of the Earliest Acheulean at Konso, Ethiopia.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (5): 1584–1591. doi:10.1073/pnas.1221285110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blasco, R., J. Rosell, F. Cuartero, J.F. Peris, A. Gopher, and R. Barkai. 2013. “Using Bones to Shape Stones: MIS 9 Bone Retouchers at Both Edges of the Mediterranean Sea.” PLOS One 8 (10): e76780. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobe, R., and B. Wood. 2022. “Estimating Origination Times from the Early Hominin Fossil Record.” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 31 (2): 92–102. doi:10.1002/evan.21928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brumm, A., and A. Rainey. 2011. “The Acheulean Downunder: Modern Human ‘Handaxes’ from the Barkly Tableland of Northern Australia.” Lithics 32: 49–61.
   Google Scholar
• Caruana, M.V., and M.G. Lotter. 2022. “Comparing Morphological Variability in Handaxes from Penhill Farm and Amanzi Springs, Eastern Cape, South Africa.” Southern African Field Archaeology 2022: 1246.
   Google Scholar
• Chauhan, P.R. 2020. “Human Evolution in the Centre of the Old World: An Updated Review of the South Asian Paleolithic.” In Pleistocene Archaeology: Migration, Technology, and Adaptation, edited by R. Ono and A. Pawlik, 35–61. London: IntechOpen.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, J.D. 1994. “The Acheulian Industrial Complex in Africa and Elsewhere.” In Integrative Paths to the Past, edited by R.S. Corruccini and R.L. Coichon, 451–469. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Copeland, L. 1991. “The Late Acheulean Knapping-Floor at C-Spring, Azraq Oasis, Jordan.” Levant 23 (1): 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Corbey, Jagich, A., K Vaesen, and M. Collard. 2016. “The Acheulean Handaxe: More like a Bird’s Song than a Beatles’ Tune?” Evolutionary Anthropology 25 (1): 6–19. doi:10.1002/evan.21467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crema, E.R. 2022. “Statistical Inference of Prehistoric Demography from Frequency Distributions of Radiocarbon Dates: A Review and a Guide for the Perplexed.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 29 (4): 1387–1418. doi:10.1007/s10816-022-09559-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crompton, R.H., and J.A.J. Gowlett. 1993. “Allometry and Multidimensional Form in Acheulean Bifaces from Kilombe, Kenya.” Journal of Human Evolution 25 (3): 175–199. doi:10.1006/jhev.1993.1043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deino, A.L., A.K. Behrensmeyer, A.S. Books, J.E. Yellen, W.D. Sharp, and R. Potts. 2018. “Chronology of the Acheulean to Middle Stone Age Transition in Eastern Africa.” Science 360 (6384): 95–98. doi:10.1126/science.aao2216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Torre, I. 2011. “The Early Stone Age Lithic Assemblages of Gadeb (Ethiopia) and the Developed Oldowan/early Acheulean in East Africa.” Journal of Human Evolution 60 (6): 768–812. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.01.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Torre, I. 2016. “The Origins of the Acheulean: Past and Present Perspectives on a Major Transition in Human Evolution.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371 (1698): 20150245. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Torre, I., R. Mora, A. Arroyo, and A. Benito-Calvo. 2014. “Acheulean Technological Behaviour in the Middle Pleistocene Landscape of Mieso (East-Central Ethiopia).” Journal of Human Evolution 76: 1–25. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennell, R.W. 2018. “The Acheulean Assemblages of Asia: A Review.” In The Emergence of the Acheulean in East Africa and Beyond, edited by R. Gallotti and J. Chavaillon, 195–214. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Derex, M., and A. Mesoudi. 2020. “Cumulative Cultural Evolution within Evolving Population Structures.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 24 (8): 654–667. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.04.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diez-Martín, F., P. Sánchez Yustos, D. Uribelarrea, E. Baquedano, D.F. Mark, A. Mabulla, C. Fraile, et al. 2015. “The Origin of the Acheulean: The 1.7 million-year-old Site of FLK West, Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania).” Scientific Reports 5 (1): 17839. doi:10.1038/srep17839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djakovic, I., A. Key, and M.A. Soressi. 2022. “Optimal Linear Estimation Models Predict 1400-2800 Years of Overlap between Homo Sapiens and Neandertals Prior to Their Disappearance from France and Northern Spain.” Scientific Reports 12 (1): 15000. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19162-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, A., and Z. Alemseged. 2019. “Temporal Evidence Shows Australopithecus Sediba Is Unlikely to Be the Ancestor of Homo.” Science Advances 5 (5): eaav9038. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aav9038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duke, H., C. Feibel, and S. Harmand. 2021. “Before the Acheulean: The Emergence of Bifacial Shaping at Kokiselei 6 (1.8 Ma), West Turkana, Kenya.” Journal of Human Evolution 159: 103061. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duval, M., M. Sahnouni, J.M. Pares, J. van der Made, S. Abdessadok, Z. Harichane, R.C. Cheheb, K. Boulaghraif, and A. Perez-Gonzalez. 2021. “The Plio-Pleistocene Sequence of Oued Boucherit (Algeria): A Unique chronologically-constrained Archaeological and Palaeontological Record in North Africa.” Quaternary Science Reviews 271: 107116. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faith, J.T., A. Du, A.K. Behrensmeyer, B. Davies, D.B. Patterson, J. Rowan, and B. Wood. 2021. “Rethinking the Ecological Drivers of Hominin Evolution.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 36 (9): 797–807. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2021.04.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkel, M., and R. Barkai. 2018. “The Acheulean Handaxe Technological Persistence: A Case of Preferred Cultural Conservatism?” Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 84: 1–19. doi:10.1017/ppr.2018.2.
   Google Scholar
• Fujioka, T., A. Benito-Calvo, R. Mora, L. McHenry, J.K. Njau, and I. de la Torre. 2022. “Direct Cosmogenic Nuclide Isochron Burial Dating of Early Acheulian Stone Tools at the T69 Complex (FLK West, Olduvai Bed II, Tanzania).” Journal of Human Evolution 165: 103155. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallotti, R. 2016. “The East African Origin of the Western European Acheulean Technology: Fact or Paradigm?” Quaternary International 411 (Part B): 9–24. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallotti, R., and M. Mussi. 2018. “Before, during and after the Early Acheulean at Melka Kunture (Upper Awash, Ethiopia): A techno-economic Comparative Analysis.” In The Emergence of the Acheulean in East Africa and Beyond, edited by R. Gallotti and M. Mussi, 53–92. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• García-Medrano, P., A. Ollé, N. Ashton, and M.B. Roberts. 2019. “The Mental Template in Handaxe Manufacture: New Insights into Acheulean Lithic Technological Behavior at Boxgrove, Sussex, UK.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 26: 396–422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbon, R.J., D.E. Granger, K. Kuman, and T.C. Partridge. 2009. “Early Acheulean Technology in the Rietputs Formation, South Africa, Dated with Cosmogenic Nuclides.” Journal of Human Evolution 56 (2): 152–160. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.09.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goren-Inbar, N., C.S. Feibel, K.L. Verosub, Y. Melamed, M.E. Kislev, E. Tchernov, and I. Saragusti. 2000. “Pleistocene Milestones on the out-of-Africa Corridor at Gesher Benot Ya-aqov, Israel.” Science 289 (5481): 944–947. doi:10.1126/science.289.5481.944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowlett, J.A.J. 1979. “Complexities of Cultural Evidence in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene.” Nature 278 (5699): 14–17. doi:10.1038/278014b0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowlett, J. A. J. 2006. “The Elements of Design Form in Acheulian Bifaces: Modes, Modalities, Rules and Language.” In Axe Age: Acheulian tool-making from Quarry to Discard, edited by N. Goren-Inbar and G. Sharon, 203–221. London: Equinox.
   Google Scholar
• Gowlett, J.A.J. 2011. “The Empire of the Acheulean Strikes Back.” In Casting the Net Wide: Papers in Honor of Glynn Isaac and His Approach to Human Origins Research, edited by J. Sept and D. Pilbeam, 93–114. Oxford: Oxbow Books, Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Gowlett, J.A.J. 2015. “Variability in an Early Hominin Percussive Tradition: The Acheulean versus Cultural Variation in Modern Chimpanzee Artefacts.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 370 (1682): 20140358. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, C.P., and R. Hosfield. 2013. Quaternary History and Palaeolithic Archaeology in the Axe Valley at Broom, South West England. Oxford: Oxbow.
   Google Scholar
• Groucutt, H.S. 2020. “Into the Tangled Web of culture-history and Convergent Evolution.” In Culture History and Convergent Evolution: Can We Detect Population in Prehistory?, edited by H.S. Groucutt, 1–12. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Herzlinger, G., A. Varanda, M. Deschamps, M. Brenet, C. Lopez-Tascon, and N. Goren-Inbar. 2021. “Reevaluation of the Classification Scheme of the Acheulian in the Levant – 50 Years Later: A morpho-technological Analysis of Handaxe Variability.” PaleoAnthropology 2021: 23–84.
   Google Scholar
• Hosfield, R. 2011. “The British Lower Palaeolithic of the Early Middle Pleistocene.” Quaternary Science Reviews 30 (11–12): 1486–1510. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosfield, R., J. Cole, and J. McNabb. 2018. “Less of a Bird’s Song than a Hard Rock Ensemble.” Evolutionary Anthropology 27 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1002/evan.21551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovers, E., T. Gossa, A. Asrat, E.M. Niespolo, A. Resom, P.R. Renne, R. Ekshtain, G. Herzlinger, N. Ketema, and B. Mertinez-Navarro. 2021. “The Expansion of the Acheulian to the Southeastern Ethiopian Highlands: Insights from the New Early Pleistocene site-complex of Melka Wakena.” Quaternary Science Reviews 253: 106763. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106763.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaac, G. 1977. Olorgesailie: Archaeological Studies of a Middle Pleistocene Lake Basin in Kenya. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Isaac, G. 1984. “The Archaeology of Human Origins: Studies of the Lower Pleistocene in East Africa.” In Advances in Old World Archaeology, edited by F. Wendorf and A. Close, 1–87. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Key, A.J.M. 2019. “Handaxe Shape Variation in a Relative Context.” Comptes Rendus Palevol 18 (5): 555–567. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2019.04.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key, A.J.M., I. Jarić, and D. Roberts. 2021b. “Modelling the End of the Acheulean at Global and Continental Levels Suggests Widespread Persistence into the Middle Palaeolithic.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 8 (1): 55. doi:10.1057/s41599-021-00735-8.
   Google Scholar
• Key, A., D. Roberts, and I. Jarić. 2021a. “Reconstructing the Full Temporal Range of Archaeological Phenomena from Sparse Data.” Journal of Archaeological Science 135: 105479. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2021.105479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key, A.J.M., D. Roberts, and I. Jarić. 2021c. “Statistical Inference of Earlier Origins for the First Flaked Stone Technologies.” Journal of Human Evolution 154: 102976. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolodny, O., N. Creanza, and M.W. Feldman. 2015. “Evolution in Leaps: The Punctuated Accumulation and Loss of Cultural Innovations.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (49): e6762–e6769 . doi:10.1073/pnas.1520492112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn, S.L. 2021. The Evolution of Paleolithic Technologies. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Leakey, M.D. 1971. Olduvai Gorge. Excavations in Beds I and II 1960-1963. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, H.W. 2017. “Late-occurring Handaxes in Korea: Their Homogeneity and Variability.” Archaeologies 13 (3): 489–534. doi:10.1007/s11759-017-9326-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepre, C.J., H. Roche, D.V. Kent, S. Harmand, R.L. Quinn, J.-P. Brugal, P.-J. Texier, A. Lenobel, and C.S. Feibel. 2011. “An Earlier Origin for the Acheulian.” Nature 477 (7362): 82–85. doi:10.1038/nature10372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman, D.E. 2018. “Being a Carnivorous Hominin in the Lower Palaeolithic: A Biological Perspective on Convergence and Stasis.” In Convergent Evolution in Stone-Tool Technology, edited by M.J. O’Brien, B. Buchanan, and M.I. Eren, 91–106. Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Y., Y. Zhou, X. Sun, and H. Li. 2018. “New Evidence of a Lithic Assemblage Containing in Situ Late Pleistocene Bifaces from the Houfang Site in the Hanshui River Valley, Central China.” Comptes Rendus Palevol 17 (1–2): 131–142. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2015.12.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lycett, S.J. 2009a. “Are Victorian West Cores “proto-Levallois”? A Phylogenetic Assessment.” Journal of Human Evolution 56 (2): 175–191. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.10.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lycett. 2009b. “Understanding Ancient Hominin Dispersals Using Artefactual Data: A Phylogeographic Analysis of Acheulean Handaxes.” PLOS One 4 (1): e7404. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lycett, S.J. 2010. “Cultural Transmission, Genetic Models and Palaeolithic Variability: Integrative Analytical Approaches.” In New Perspectives on Old Stones, edited by S.J. Lycett and P. Chauhan, 207–234. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lycett, S.J. 2015. “Cultural Evolutionary Approaches to Artifact Variation over Time and Space: Basis, Progress, and Prospects.” Journal of Archaeological Science 56: 21–31. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2015.01.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lycett, S.J. 2019. “Cultural Transmission from the Last Common Ancestor to the Levallois Reducers.” In Squeezing Minds from Stones: Cognitive Archaeology and the Evolution of the Human Mind, edited by K.A. Overmann and F.L. Coolidge, 251–277. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lycett, S.J., and J.A.J. Gowlett. 2008. “On Questions Surrounding the Acheulean ‘Tradition’.” World Archaeology 40 (3): 295–315. doi:10.1080/00438240802260970.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lycett, S.J., and C.J. Norton. 2010. “A Demographic Model for Palaeolithic Technological Evolution: The Case of East Asia and the Movius Line.” Quaternary International 211 (1–2): 55–65. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.12.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lycett, S.J., K. Schillinger, M.I. Eren, N. von Cramon-Taubadel, and A. Mesoudi. 2016. “Factors Affecting Acheulean Handaxe Variation: Experimental Insights, Microevolutionary Processes, and Macroevolutionary Outcomes.” Quaternary International 411, Part B: 386–401. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lycett, S.J., K. Schillinger, M. Kempe, and A. Mesoudi. 2015. “Learning in the Acheulean: Experimental Insights Using Handaxe Form as a ‘Model Organism.” In Learning Strategies and Cultural Evolution during the Palaeolithic, edited by A. Mesoudi and K. Aoki, 155–166. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lycett, S.J., and N. von Cramon-Taubadel. 2008. “Acheulean Variability and Hominin Dispersals: A model-bound Approach.” Journal of Archaeological Science 35 (3): 553–562. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2007.05.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHenry, L.J., and I.G. Stanistreet. 2018. “Tephrochronology of Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, and Placement of the Oldowan-Acheulean Transition.” Journal of Human Evolution 120: 7–18. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.12.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNabb, J. 2020. “Further Thoughts on the Genetic Argument for Handaxes.” Evolutionary Anthropology 29 (5): 220–236. doi:10.1002/evan.21809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNabb, J., and J. Cole. 2015. “The Mirror Cracked: Symmetry and Refinement in the Acheulean Handaxe.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 3: 100–111.
   Google Scholar
• Méndez-Quintas, E., M. Demuro, L.J. Arnold, M. Duval, A. Perez-Gonzalez, and M. Santonja. 2019. “Insights into the Late Stages of the Acheulean Technocomplex of Western Iberia from the Arbo Site (Galicia, Spain).” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 27: 101934.
   Google Scholar
• Michalec, G., M. Cendrowska, E. Andrieux, S.J. Armitage, M. Ehlert, J.Y. Kim, Y.K. Sohn, et al. 2021. “A Window into the Early-Middle Stone Age Transition in Northeastern Africa – A Marine Isotope Stage 7a/6 Late Acheulean Horizon from the EDAR 135 Site, Eastern Sahara (Sudan).” Journal of Field Archaeology 46 (8): 513–533. doi:10.1080/00934690.2021.1993618.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michel, V., G. Shen, C.-C. Shen, C.-C. Wu, C. Verati, S. Gallet, M.-H. Moncel, J. Combier, S. Khatib, and M. Manetti. 2013. “Application of U/Th and 40Ar/39Ar Dating to Orgnac 3, a Late Acheulean and Early Middle Palaeolithic Site in Ardèche, France.” PLOS One 8 (12): e82394. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moncel, M.-H., N. Ashton, M. Arzarello, F. Fontana, A. Lamotte, B. Scott, B. Muttillo, et al. 2020. “Early Levallois Core Technology between Marine Isotope Stage 12 and 9 in Western Europe.” Journal of Human Evolution 139: 102735. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moncel, M.-H., and D. Schreve. 2016. “The Acheulean in Europe: Origins, Evolution and Dispersal.” Quaternary International 411 (Pat B): 108. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno, D., M. Duval, J. Panera, S. Rubio-Jara, M. Santonja, and A. Perez-Gonzalez. 2016. “ESR Dating of Fluvial Deposits from the Middle Tagus Basin (Central Spain): New Numerical Age Results for the Acheulean Sites of Pinedo and Cien Fanegas.” Proceedings of the European Society for the Study of Human Evolution 5, 171.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, T.J.H., N.T. Uomini, L.E. Rendell, L. Chouinard-Thuly, S.E. Street, H.M. Lewis, C.P. Cross, et al. 2015. “Experimental Evidence for the co-evolution of Hominin tool-making Teaching and Language.” Nature Communications 6 (1): 6029. doi:10.1038/ncomms7029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosquera, M., A. Olle, P. Saladie, I. Caceres, R. Huguet, A. Rosas, J. Villalain, et al. 2016. “The Early Acheulean Technology of Barranc de la Boella (Catalonia, Spain).” Quaternary International 393: 95–111. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mussi, M., F. Altamura, L. Di Bianco, R. Bonnefille, S. Gaudzinski-Windheuser, D. Geraads, R.T. Melis, et al. 2021. “After the Emergence of the Acheulean at Melka Kunture (Upper Awash, Ethiopia): From Gombore IB (1.6 Ma) to Gombore Iγ (1.4 Ma), Gombore Iδ (1.3 Ma) and Gombore II OAM Test Pit (1.2 Ma).” Quaternary International. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.02.031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Njau, J.K., E.W. Herrmann, L. Ruck, M. Pante, P. Farrugia, N. Toth, K. Schick, H. Stollhofen, and I.G. Stanistreet. 2020. “Core Stratigraphy Constrains Bed IV Archaeological Record at HEB Site, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 552: 109773. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109773.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton, C.J., K. Bae, J.W.K. Harris, and H. Lee. 2006. “Middle Plesitocene Handaxes from the Korean Peninsula.” Journal of Human Evolution 51 (5): 527–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, M.J., B. Buchanan, and M.I. Eren. 2018a. Convergent Evolution in Stone-Tool Technology. Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien, M.J., B. Buchanan, and M.I. Eren. 2018b. “Issues in Archaeological Studies of Convergence.” In Convergent Evolution in Stone-Tool Technology, edited by M.J. O’Brien, B. Buchanan, and M.I. Eren, 3–20. 2018. Cambridge: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien, M.J., J. Darwent, and R.L. Lyman. 2001. “Cladistics Is Useful for Reconstructing Archaeological Phylogenies: Palaeoindian Points from the Southeastern United States.” Journal of Archaeological Science 28 (10): 1115–1136. doi:10.1006/jasc.2001.0681.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ollé, A., M. Mosquera, X.P. Rodriguez-Alvarez, P. Garcia-Medrano, D. Barsky, A. de Lombera-Hermida, and E. Carbonell. 2016. “The Acheulean from Atapuerca: Three Steps Forward, One Step Back.” Quaternary International 411 (part B): 316–328. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2016.01.042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappu, S., Y. Gunnell, K. Akhilesh, R. Braucher, M. Taieb, F. Demory, and N. Thouveny. 2011. “Early Pleistocene Presence of Acheulian Hominins in South India.” Science 331 (6024): 1596:1599. doi:10.1126/science.1200183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pargeter, J., N. Khreisheh, and D. Stout. 2019. “Understanding Stone tool-making Skill Acquisition: Experimental Methods and Evolutionary Implications.” Journal of Human Evolution 133: 146–166. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.05.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petraglia, M.D., and C. Shipton. 2008. “Large Cutting Tool Variation West and East of the Movius Line.” Journal of Human Evolution 55 (6): 962–966. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.11.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porat, N., M. Chazan, R. Grun, M. Aubert, V. Eisenmann, and L.K. Horwitz. 2010. “New Radiometric Ages for the Fauresmith Industry from Kathu Pan, Southern Africa: Implications for the Earlier to Middle Stone Age Transition.” Journal of Archaeological Science 37 (2): 269–283. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.09.038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porat, N., L.P. Zhou, M. Chazan, T. Noy, and L.K. Horwitz. 1999. “Dating the Lower Palaeolithic open-air Site of Holon, Israel by Luminescence and ESR Techniques.” Quaternary Research 51 (3): 328–341. doi:10.1006/qres.1999.2036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quade, J., N. Levin, S. Semaw, D. Stout, P. Renne, M. Rogers, and S. Simpson. 2004. “Paleoenvironments of the Earliest Stone Toolmakers, Gona, Ethiopia.” Geological Society of America Bulletin 116 (11–12): 1529–1544. doi:10.1130/B25358.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, D.L., I.I. Jarić, S.J. Lycett, D. Flicker, and A. Key. in press. “Homo Floresiensis and Homo Luzonensis are Not Temporally Exceptional Relative to Homo Erectus.” Journal of Quaternary Science TBC. doi:10.1002/jqs.3498.
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Yustos, P. 2021. “Knocking on Acheulean’s Door. DK Revisited (Bed I, OlduvaI, Tanzania).” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 35: 102763.
   Google Scholar
• Santonja, M., A. Perez-Gonzalez, J. Panera, S. Rubio-Jara, and E. Mendez-Quintas. 2016. “The Coexistence of Acheulean and Ancient Middle Palaeolithic techno-complexes in the Middle Pleistocene of the Iberian Peninsula.” Quaternary International 411 (Part B): 367–377. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.04.056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scerri, E.M.L., C. Shipton, L. Clark-Balzan, M. Frouin, J.-L. Schwenninger, H.S. Groucutt, P.S. Breeze, et al. 2018. “The Expansion of Later Acheulean Hominins into the Arabian Peninsula.” Scientific Reports 8 (1): 17165. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35242-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schillinger, K., A. Mesoudi, and S.J. Lycett. 2015. “The Impact of Imitative versus Emulative Learning Mechanisms on Artifactual Variation: Implications for the Evolution of Material Culture.” Evolution and Human Behavior 36 (6): 446–455. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.04.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semaw, S., M.J. Rogers, I. Caceres, D. Stout, and A.C. Leiss. 2018. “The Early Acheulean ∼1.6–1.2 Ma from Gona, Ethiopia: Issues Related to the Emergence of the Acheulean in Africa.” In The Emergence of the Acheulean in East Africa and Beyond, edited by R. Gallotti and M. Mussi, 115–128. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Sharon, G. 2019. “Early Convergent Cultural Evolution: Acheulean Giant Core Methods of Africa.” In Squeezing Minds from Stones: Cognitive Archaeology and the Evolution of the Human Mind, edited by K.A. Overmann and F.L. Coolidge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shea, J.J. 2010. “Stone Age Visiting Cards Revisited: A Strategic Perspective on the Lithic Technology of Early Hominin Dispersal.” In Out of Africa 1: The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia, edited by J.G. Fleagle, J.J. Shea, F.E. Grine, A.L. Baden, and R.E. Leakey, 47–64. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Shennan, S. 2015. “Demography and Cultural Evolution.” Emerging Trends in the Social and Behavioral Sciences 2015. doi:10.2307/4128416.
   Google Scholar
• Shipton, C. 2019. “The Evolution of Social Transmission in the Acheulean.” In Squeezing Minds from Stones: Cognitive Archaeology and the Evolution of the Human Mind, edited by K.A. Overmann and F.L. Coolidge, 332–354. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shipton, C. 2020. “The Unity of Acheulean Culture.” In Culture History and Convergent Evolution: Can We Detect Populations in Prehistory?, edited by H.S. Groucutt, 13–27. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Shipton, C., and M.D. Petraglia. 2011. “Inter-continental Variation in Acheulean Bifaces.” In Asian Paleoanthropology, edited by C.J. Norton and D.R. Braun, 49–55. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Shipton, C., and M. White. 2020. “Handaxe Types, Colonization Waves, and Social Norms in the British Acheulean.” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 31: 102352.
   Google Scholar
• Solow, A. R., and W. K. Smith. 2005. “How Surprising Is a New Record?” The American Statistician 59 (2): 153–155. doi:10.1198/000313005X42787.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanistreet, I.G., L.J. McHenry, H. Stollhofen, and I. de la Torre. 2018. “Bed II Sequence Stratigraphic Context of the EF-HR and HWK EE Archaeological Sites, and the Oldowan/Acheulean Succession at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania.” Journal of Human Evolution 120: 19–31. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.01.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surovell, T.A., S.A. Allaun, B.A. Crass, J.M. Gingerich, K.E. Graf, C.E. Holmes, R.L. Kelly, et al. 2022. “Late Date of Human Arrival to North America: Continental Scale Differences in Stratigraphic Integrity of Pre-13,000 BP Archaeological Sites.” PLOS One 17 (4): e0264092. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallverdú, J., P. Saladie, A. Rosas, R. Huguet, I. Caceres, M. Mosquera, A. Gercia-Tabernero, et al. 2014. “Age and Date for Early Arrival of the Acheulian in Europe (Barranc de la Boella, la Canonja, Sain).” PLOS One 9 (7): e103634. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Peer, P., R. Fullagar, S. Stikes, R.M. Bailey, J. Moeyersons, F. Steenhoudt, A. Geerts, T. Vanderbeken, M. De Dapper, and F. Geus. 2003. “The Early to Middle Stone Age Transition and the Emergence of Modern Human Behaviour at Site 8-B-11, Sai Island, Sudan.” Journal of Human Evolution 45 (2): 187–193. doi:10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00103-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan, C.D. 2001. “A Million Years of Style and Function: Regional and Temporal Variation in Acheulean Handaxes.” In Style and Function: Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Archaeology, edited by T.D. Hurt and G.F.M. Rakita, 141–164. London: Bergin and Garvey.
   Google Scholar
• Villa, P. 2001. “Early Italy and the Colonization of Western Europe.” Quaternary International 75 (1): 113–130. doi:10.1016/S1040-6182(00)00083-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, W., and C.J. Bae. 2015. “How Old are the Bose (Baise) Basin (Guangxi, Southern China) Bifaces? the Australasian Tektites Question Revisited.” Journal of Human Evolution 80: 171–174. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.10.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, W., S.J. Lycett, N. von Cramon-Taubadel, J.J.H. Jin, and C.J. Bae. 2012. “Comparison of Handaxes from Bose Basin (China) and the Western Acheulean Indicates Convergence of Form, Not Cognitive Differences.” PLOS One 7 (4): e35804. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenban-Smith, F.F., M.R. Bates, and G. Marshall. 2007. “Medway Valley Palaeolithic Project Final Report: The Palaeolithic Resource in the Medway Gravels (Kent).” Unpublished report submitted to English Heritage.
   Google Scholar
• White, M.J. 2022. A Global History of the Earlier Palaeolithic: Assembling the Acheulean World, 1673-2020s. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wynn, T., and J.A.J. Gowlett. 2018. “The Handaxe Reconsidered.” Evolutionary Anthropology 27 (1): 21–29. doi:10.1002/evan.21552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo, Y. 2019. “Examination of the chrono-technological Features of the Handaxes from the Imjin-Hantan River Area in Korea.” Quaternary International 503 (Part A): 97–104. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2018.10.039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo, Y., and J. Lee. 2022. “Late Pleistocene Handaxes from the Korean Peninsula: New Discoveries from the Unjeong District Site Complex (UDSC).” Archaeological Research in Asia 30: 100354. doi:10.1016/j.ara.2022.100354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaidner, Y., and M. Weinstein-Evron. 2016. “The End of the Lower Paleolithic in the Levant: The Acheulo-Yabrudian Lithic Technology at Misliya Cave, Israel.” Quaternary International 409 (Part B): 9–22. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.080.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar