235
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

The nutritional importance of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and its beneficial influence on poultry

ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon &

References

  • Abascal, K., and E. Yarnell. 2003. “The Many Faces of Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle): Part 2-Clinical Uses, Safety, and Types of Preparations.” Alternative and Complementary Therapies 9 (5): 251–256. https://doi.org/10.1089/107628003322490698.
  • Abdalla, A. A., B. M. Abou-Shehema, R. Hamed, and M. R. Elden. 2018. “Effect of Silymarin Supplementation on the Performance of Developed Chickens Under Summer Conditions 1-During Growth Period.” Egyptian Poultry Science Journal 38 (1): 305–329‏. https://doi.org/10.21608/epsj.2018.5667.
  • Abd El-Hack, M. E., S. S. Elnesr, M. Alagawany, A. Gado, A. E. Noreldin, and A. A. Gabr. 2020. “Impact of Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) and Epigallocatechin Gallate on Poultry.” World’s Poultry Science Journal 76 (1): 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2020.1729672.
  • Abdel-Moneim, A. E., A. M. Shehata, S. O. Alzahrani, M. E. Shafi, N. M. Mesalam, A. E. Taha, A. A. Swelum, M. Arif, M. Fayyaz, and M. E. Abd El‐Hack. 2020. “The Role of Polyphenols in Poultry Nutrition.” Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 104 (6): 1851–1866. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13455.
  • Abdel-Moneim, A. M. E., A. M. Shehata, R. E. Khidr, V. K. Paswan, N. S. Ibrahim, A. A. El-Ghoul, S. A. Aldhumri, et al. 2021. “Nutritional Manipulation to Combat Heat Stress in Poultry – a Comprehensive Review.” Journal of Thermal Biology 98:102915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102915.
  • Abdulwahid, M. T., and A. F. Oleiwi. 2021. “Ameliorating Effects of Silymarin Against Mycotoxin and Its Effect on Some Production and Hematological Parameters of Broilers.” Journal of Genetic and Environmental Resources Conservation 9 (1): 207–214‏. https://www.iasj.net/iasj/download/28ef7fe03cd1a374.
  • Abenavoli, L., R. Capasso, N. Milic, and F. Capasso. 2010. “Milk Thistle in Liver Diseases: Past, Present, Future.” Phytotherapy Research 24 (10): 1423–1432. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3207.
  • Adeyemo, O., H. Doi, K. Rajender Reddy, and D. E. Kaplan. 2013. “Impact of Oral Silymarin on Virus‐And Non‐Virus‐Specific T‐Cell Responses in Chronic Hepatitis C Infection.” Journal of Viral Hepatitis 20 (7): 453–462. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvh.12050.
  • Ahmad, M., N. Chand, R. U. Khan, N. Ahmad, I. Khattak, and S. Naz. 2020. “Dietary Supplementation of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum): Growth Performance, Oxidative Stress, and Immune Response in Natural Summer Stressed Broilers.” Tropical Animal Health and Production 52 (2): 711–715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-02060-4.
  • Alassi, S. B., and A. A. Allaw. 2020. “Effect of Adding of the Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Seed Powder in the Traits of Biochemical Blood of the Quail.” Plant Archives 20 (1): 962–964. http://www.plantarchives.org/20-1/962-964%20(5677).pdf.
  • Alhidary, I. A., Z. Rehman, R. U. Khan, and M. Tahir. 2017. “Anti-Aflatoxin Activities of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) in Broiler.” World’s Poultry Science Journal 73 (3): 559–566. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933917000514.
  • Amiridumari, H., H. Sarir, N. Afzali, and O. FaniMakki. 2013. “Effects of Milk Thistle Seed Against Aflatoxin B1 in Broiler Model.” Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences 18 (9): 786–790.
  • Armanini, E. H., M. M. Boiago, B. G. Cécere, P. V. Oliveira, C. J. Teixeira, J. V. Strapazzon, and A. S. Da Silva. 2021. “Protective Effects of Silymarin in Broiler Feed Contaminated by Mycotoxins: Growth Performance, Meat Antioxidant Status, and Fatty Acid Profiles.” Tropical Animal Health and Production 53 (4): 442‏. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02873-2.
  • Aziz, M., F. Saeed, N. Ahmad, A. Ahmad, M. Afzaal, S. Hussain, A. A. Mohamed, M. S. Alamri, and F. M. Anjum. 2021. “Biochemical Profile of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.) with Special Reference to Silymarin Content.” Food Science and Nutrition 9 (1): 244–250. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1990.
  • Bagno, O., S. Shevchenko, A. Shevchenko, O. Prokhorov, A. Shentseva, G. Vavin, and E. Ulrich. 2021. “Physiological Status of Broiler Chickens with Diets Supplemented with Milk Thistle Extract.” Veterinary World 14 (5): 1319. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.1319-1323.
  • Baradaran, A., F. Samadi, S. S. Ramezanpour, and S. Yousefdoust. 2019. “Hepatoprotective Effects of Silymarin on CCl4-Induced Hepatic Damage in Broiler Chickens Model.” Toxicology Reports 6:788–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.07.011.
  • Behboodi, H. R., F. Samadi, S. M. Shams, F. Ganji, and S. Samadi. 2017. “Effects of Silymarin on Growth Performance, Internal Organs and Some Blood Parameters in Japanese Quail Subjected to Oxidative Stress Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride.” Poultry Science Journal 5:31–40. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2018/20183066859.pdf.
  • Bendowski, W., M. Michalczuk, A. Jóźwik, K. Y. Kareem, A. Łozicki, J. Karwacki, and D. Bień. 2022. “Using Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Extract to Improve the Welfare, Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Broiler Chicken.” Animals 12 (9): 1085. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091085.
  • Bhattacharya, S. 2011. “Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaert.) Seeds in Health.” In Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention, edited by V. R. Preedy, R. R. Watson, and V. Patel. 1st ed. London: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375688-6.10090-8.
  • Bijak, M. 2017. “Silybin, a Major Bioactive Component of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaernt.)—Chemistry, Bioavailability, and Metabolism.” Molecules 22 (11): 1942. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22111942.
  • Bölükbaşı, Ş. C., M. K. Erhan, and Ö. Kaynar. 2008. “The Effect of Feeding Thyme, Sage and Rosemary Oil on Laying Hen Performance, Cholesterol and Some Proteins Ratio of Egg Yolk and Escherichia coli Count in Feces.” Archives Fur Geflugelkunde 72 (5): 231–237. https://www.european-poultry-science.com/the-effect-of-feeding-thyme-sage-and-rosemary-oil-on-laying-hen-performance-cholesterol-and-some-proteins-ratio-of-egg-yolk-and-span-classws-name-escherichia-colispan-cou,QUlEPTQyMTg4MDcmTUlEPTE2MTAxNA.html.
  • Carrier, D. J., T. Crowe, S. Sokhansanj, J. Wahab, and B. Barl. 2003. “Milk thistle, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., flower head development and associated marker compound profile.” Journal of herbs, spices & medicinal plants 10 (1): 65–74‏. https://doi.org/10.1300/J044v10n01_08.
  • Chand, N., D. Muhammad, F. R. Durrani, M. S. Qureshi, and S. S. Ullah. 2011. “Protective Effects of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Against Aflatoxin B1 in Broiler Chicks.” Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 24 (7): 1011–1018. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2011.10418.
  • Crocenzi, F. A., and M. G. Roma. 2006. “Silymarin as a New Hepatoprotective Agent in Experimental Cholestasis: New Possibilities for an Ancient Medication.” Current Medicinal Chemistry 13 (9): 1055–1074. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986706776360950.
  • Csupor, D., A. Csorba, and J. Hohmann. 2016. “Recent Advances in the Analysis of Flavonolignans of Silybum marianum.” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 130:301–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.034.
  • Das, S. K., S. Mukherjee, and D. M. Vasudevan. 2008. “Medicinal Properties of Milk Thistle with Special Reference to Silymarin: An Overview.” Natural Product Radiance 7 (2): 182–192. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/5665.
  • Dobiasová, S., K. Řehořová, D. Kučerová, D. Biedermann, K. Káňová, L. Petrásková, K. Koucká, R. Václavíková, K. Valentová, and T. Ruml. 2020. “Multidrug Resistance Modulation Activity of Silybin Derivatives and Their Anti-Inflammatory Potential.” Antioxidants 9 (5): 455. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050455.
  • Dumari, A. M., H. Sarir, O. Fani Makki, and N. Afzali. 2014. “Effect of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.) on Biochemical Parameters and Immunity of Broiler Chicks Fed Aflatoxin B1 After Three Weeks.” Iranian Journal of Toxicology 8 (26): 1098–1103‏.
  • Ebrahimi, R., T. Mohammadabadi, M. Sari, S. Sallari, M. J. Zamiri, and N. M. Beygi. 2014. “Effect of Silymarin on Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress in Broilers.” Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research 5 (4): 302–312. https://www.sid.ir/en/Journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=432380.
  • Egresi, A., K. Süle, K. Szentmihályi, A. Blázovics, E. Fehér, K. Hagymási, and H. Fébel. 2020. “Impact of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) on the Mycotoxin Caused Redox-Homeostasis Imbalance of Ducks Liver.” Toxicon 187:181–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.09.002.
  • Eid, Y. Z., R. A. Hassan, S. A. El-Soud, and N. Eldebani. 2022. “The Protective Role of Silymarin to Ameliorate the Adverse Effects of Ochratoxin-A in Laying Hens on Productive Performance, Blood Biochemistry, Hematological and Antioxidants Status.” Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 24 (2): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2021-1515.
  • Elbaz, A. M., N. S. Ibrahim, A. M. Shehata, N. G. Mohamed, and A. M. E. Abdel-Moneim. 2021. “Impact of Multi-Strain Probiotic, Citric Acid, Garlic Powder or Their Combinations on Performance, Ileal Histomorphometry, Microbial Enumeration and Humoral Immunity of Broiler Chickens.” Tropical Animal Health and Production 53 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-021-02554-0.
  • Elnesr, S. S., H. A. M. Elwan, M. I. El Sabry, A. M. Shehata, and M. Alagawany. 2022. “Impact of Chitosan on Productive and Physiological Performance and Gut Health of Poultry.” World’s Poultry Science Journal 78 (2): 483–498. https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2022.2041992.
  • El-Saadony, M. T., N. M. Zabermawi, N. M. Zabermawi, M. A. Burollus, M. E. Shafi, M. Alagawany, N. Yehia, et al. 2023. “Nutritional Aspects and Health Benefits of Bioactive Plant Compounds Against Infectious Diseases: A Review.” Food Reviews International 39 (4): 2138–2160. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2021.1944183.
  • Elwan, H., A. S. Mohamed, D. H. Dawood, and S. S. Elnesr. 2022. “Modulatory Effects of Arctostaphylos Uva-Urs Extract In Ovo Injected into Broiler Embryos Contaminated by Aflatoxin B1.” Animals 12 (16): 2042. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12162042.
  • Elwan, H., C. Xie, L. P. Miao, X. Dong, X. T. Zou, M. Mohany, and S. S. Elnesr. 2021. “Methionine Alleviates Aflatoxinb1-Induced Broiler Chicks Embryotoxicity Through Inhibition of Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis and Enhancement of Cellular Antioxidant Status.” Poultry Science 100 (8): 101103‏. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101103.
  • Emam, A. M., S. S. Elnesr, E. A. El-Full, B. Y. Mahmoud, and H. Elwan. 2023. “Influence of Improved Microclimate Conditions on Growth and Physiological Performance of Two Japanese Quail Lines.” Animals 13 (6): 1118‏. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13061118.
  • Faryadi, S., A. Sheikhahmadi, A. Farhadi, and H. Nourbakhsh. 2021. “Effects of Silymarin and Nano-Silymarin on Performance, Egg Quality, Nutrient Digestibility, and Intestinal Morphology of Laying Hens During Storage.” Italian Journal of Animal Science 20 (1): 1633–1644. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2021.1975503.
  • Feshanghchi, M., P. Baghban-Kanani, B. Kashefi-Motlagh, F. Adib, S. Azimi-Youvalari, B. Hosseintabar-Ghasemabad, M. Slozhenkina, I. Gorlov, M. G. Zangeronimo, and A. A. Swelum. 2022. “Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum), Marine Algae (Spirulina platensis) and Toxin Binder Powders in the Diets of Broiler Chickens Exposed to Aflatoxin-B1: Growth Performance, Humoral Immune Response and Cecal Microbiota.” Agriculture 12 (6): 805. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060805.
  • Gawel, A., B. Kotonski, J. A. Madej, and M. Mazurkiewicz. 2003. “Effect of Silimarin on Chicken and Turkey broilers’ Rearing and the Production Indices of Reproduction Hen Flocks.” Medycyna Weterynaryjna 59 (6): 517–520. https://eurekamag.com/research/034/804/034804936.php.
  • Gazak, R., D. Walterova, and V. Kren. 2007. “Silybin and Silymarin-New and Emerging Applications in Medicine.” Current Medicinal Chemistry 14 (3): 315–338. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986707779941159.
  • Gharahveysi, S. 2018. “Effects of Milk Thistle Powder on Performance, Blood Parameters and Liver Enzymes of Broilers.” Animal Production 19 (4): 879–889. https://doi.org/10.22059/jap.2018.225325.623153.
  • Gheorghe-Irimia, R. A., D. Tăpăloagă, P. R. Tăpăloagă, L. I. Ilie, C. Șonea, and A. I. Serban. 2022. “Mycotoxins and Essential Oils—From a Meat Industry Hazard to a Possible Solution: A Brief Review.” Foods 11 (22): 3666. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11223666.
  • Guo, H., P. Wang, C. Liu, T. Zhou, J. Chang, Q. Yin, L. Wang, S. Jin, Q. Zhu, and F. Lu. 2022. “Effects of Compound Mycotoxin Detoxifier on Alleviating Aflatoxin B1-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Intestine, Liver and Kidney of Broilers.” Toxins (Basel) 14 (10): 665. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14100665.
  • Hackett, E. S., D. C. Twedt, and D. L. Gustafson. 2013. “Milk Thistle and Its Derivative Compounds: A Review of Opportunities for Treatment of Liver Disease.” Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 27 (1): 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12002.
  • Hashemi Jabali, N. S., A. H. Mahdavi, S. Ansari Mahyari, M. Sedghi, and R. Akbari Moghaddam Kakhki. 2018. “Effects of Milk Thistle Meal on Performance, Ileal Bacterial Enumeration, Jejunal Morphology and Blood Lipid Peroxidation in Laying Hens Fed Diets with Different Levels of Metabolizable Energy.” Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 102 (2): 410–420‏. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12747.
  • Huseini, H. F., B. Larijani, R. Heshmat, H. Fakhrzadeh, B. Radjabipour, T. Toliat, and M. Raza. 2006. “The Efficacy of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (silymarin) in the Treatment of Type II Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial.” Phytotherapy Research 20 (12): 1036–1039. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1988.
  • Karamali, A., B. Parizadian Kavan, M. Khaldari, and B. Masouri. 2020. “Effects of Vitamin E and Milk Thistle Powder (Silybum marianum) on Liver Healthy, Serum Parameters and Production Indices in Laying Hens.” Veterinary Researches and Biological Products 33 (4): 51–62‏. https://doi.org/10.22092/VJ.2019.127283.1608.
  • Keshavarz Afshar, R., M. R. Chaichi, M. Ansari Jovini, E. Jahanzad, and M. Hashemi. 2015. “Accumulation of Silymarin in Milk Thistle Seeds Under Drought Stress.” Planta 242 (3): 539–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-015-2265-9.
  • Khaleghipour, B., H. Khosravinia, M. Toghiyani, and A. Azarfar. 2019. “Effects of Silymarin on Productive Performance, Liver Function and Serum Biochemical Profile in Broiler Japanese Quail Challenged with Dietary Aflatoxins.” Italian Journal of Animal Science 18 (1): 564–573. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2018.1548310.
  • Khaleghipour, B., H. Khosravinia, M. Toghiyani, and A. Azarfar. 2020. “Efficacy of Silymarin-Nanohydrogle Complex in Attenuation of Aflatoxins Toxicity in Japanese Quails.” Italian Journal of Animal Science 19 (1): 351–359‏. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2020.1743782.
  • Khatoon, A., M. Zargham Khan, A. Khan, M. K. Saleemi, and I. Javed. 2013. “Amelioration of Ochratoxin A-Induced Immunotoxic Effects by Silymarin and Vitamin E in White Leghorn Cockerels.” Journal of Immunotoxicology 10 (1): 25–31. https://doi.org/10.3109/1547691X.2012.686533.
  • Khazaei, R., A. Seidavi, and M. Bouyeh. 2022. “A Review on the Mechanisms of the Effect of Silymarin in Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) on Some Laboratory Animals.” Veterinary Medicine and Science 8 (1): 289–301. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.641.
  • Kshirsagar, A., D. Ingawale, P. Ashok, and N. Vyawahare. 2009. “Silymarin: A Comprehensive Review.” Pharmacognosy Reviews 3 (5): 126–134‏. https://www.phcogrev.com/sites/default/files/PhcogRev-3-5-126.pdf.
  • Lee, S. H., H. S. Lillehoj, Y. H. Hong, S. I. Jang, E. P. Lillehoj, C. Ionescu, L. Mazuranok, and D. Bravo. 2010. “In vitro Effects of Plant and Mushroom Extracts on Immunological Function of Chicken Lymphocytes and Macrophages.” British Poultry Science 51 (2): 213–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071661003745844.
  • Lin, L., P. Fu, N. Chen, N. Gao, Q. Cao, K. Yue, T. Xu, et al. 2022. “Total Flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae Protect Hepatocytes Against Aflatoxin B1-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Broiler Chickens.” Ecotoxicology & Environmental Safety 230:113148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113148.
  • Liu, C. H., A. Jassey, H. Y. Hsu, and L. T. Lin. 2019. “Antiviral Activities of Silymarin and Derivatives.” Molecules 24 (8): 1552. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081552.
  • Lukanov, H., I. Pavlova, V. Ivanov, T. Slavov, Y. Petrova, and N. Bozakova. 2018. “Effect of Silymarin Supplementation on Some Productive and Hematological Parameters in Meat Type Male Japanese Quails.” Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 30 (12): 984–989. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.2018.v30.i12.1876.
  • Mehaisen, G. M., M. G. Eshak, M. I. El Sabry, and A. O. Abass. 2016. “Expression of Inflammatory and Cell Death Program Genes and Comet DNA Damage Assay Induced by Escherichia coli in Layer Hens.” PLoS ONE 11 (6): e0158314. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158314.
  • Miranda, C. L., J. F. Stevens, V. Ivanov, M. McCall, B. Frei, M. L. Deinzer, and D. R. Buhler. 2000. “Antioxidant and Prooxidant Actions of Prenylated and Nonprenylated Chalcones and Flavanones in vitro.” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48 (9): 3876–3884‏. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0002995.
  • Moradi, F., F. Samadi, B. Dastar, and S. Samadi. 2017. “The Effects of Silymarin on Oxidative Status and Bone Characteristics in Japanese Quail Subjected to Oxidative Stress Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride.” Poultry Science Journal 5 (2): 97–104. https://doi.org/10.22069/psj.2017.11432.1194.
  • Morovat, M., M. Chamani, A. Zarei, and A. A. Sadeghi. 2016. “Dietary but Not In Ovo Feeding of Silybum marianum Extract Resulted in an Improvement in Performance, Immunity and Carcass Characteristics and Decreased the Adverse Effects of High Temperatures in Broilers.” British Poultry Science 57 (1): 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2015.1121537.
  • Ostapyuk, A. Y., T. A. Holubieva, B. V. Gutyj, and S. O. Slobodian. 2021. “The Effect of Sylimevit, Metifen, and Milk Thistle on the Intensity of the Processes of Peroxidation of Lipids in the Body of Laying Hens in Experimental Chronic Cadmium Toxicosis.” Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 11 (4): 57–63‏. https://doi.org/10.15421/2021_199.
  • Radko, L., and W. Cybulski. 2019. “The Decrease of Lasalocid Residue in the Edible Tissues by Silymarin Supplementation of Chicken Diet.” Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 36 (5): 722–728. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2019.1584406.
  • Rafeeq, M., R. M. Bilal, M. Alagawany, F. Batool, K. Yameen, M. R. Farag, and N. A. El-Shall. 2022. “The Use of Some Herbal Plants as Effective Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Enhancers in Poultry Nutrition.” World’s Poultry Science Journal 78 (4): 1067–1085‏. https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2022.2108362.
  • Rafeeq, M., R. M. Bilal, F. Batool, K. Yameen, M. R. Farag, M. Madkour, S. S. Elnesr, and M. Alagawany. 2023. “Application of Herbs and Their Derivatives in Broiler Chickens: A Review.” World’s Poultry Science Journal 79 (1): 95–117‏. https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2022.2151395.
  • Rashidi, N., M. Bujarpoor, M. Chaji, and A. Aghaei. 2015. “Effect of Silybum marianum Seed on Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Blood Parameters of Broiler Chickens.” Animal Production Research 3 (4): 11–21‏.
  • Saeed, M., D. Babazadeh, M. Arif, M. A. Arain, Z. A. Bhutto, A. H. Shar, and S. Chao. 2017. “Silymarin: A Potent Hepatoprotective Agent in Poultry Industry.” World’s Poultry Science Journal 73 (3): 483–492‏. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933917000538.
  • Schiavone, F., A. Righi, A. Quarantelli, R. Bruni, P. Serventi, and A. Fusari. 2007. “Use of Silybum marianum Fruit Extract in Broiler Chicken Nutrition: Influence on Performance and Meat Quality.” Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 91 (5–6): 256–262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2007.00701.x.
  • Shahsavan, M., S. Salari, and M. Ghorbani. 2021. “Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Silybum marianum Oil Extraction Byproduct on Growth Performance, Immune Response and Cecal Microbial Population of Broiler Chicken.” Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry 37 (1): 45–64‏. https://doi.org/10.2298/BAH2101045S.
  • Shanmugam, S., J. H. Park, S. Cho, and I. H. Kim. 2022. “Silymarin Seed Extract Supplementation Enhances the Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Nutrients Digestibility, and Reduces Gas Emission in Broilers.” Animal Bioscience 35 (8): 1215–1222. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.21.0539.
  • Soto, C., R. Mena, J. Luna, M. Cerbon, E. Larrieta, P. Vital, and A. Lara. 2004. “Silymarin Induces Recovery of Pancreatic Function After Alloxan Damage in Rats.” Life Sciences 75 (18): 2167–2180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2004.04.019.
  • Soto, C., R. Recoba, H. Barron, C. Alvarez, and L. Favari. 2003. “Silymarin Increases Antioxidant Enzymes in Alloxan-Induced Diabetes in Rat Pancreas.” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 136 (3): 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1532-0456(03)00214-X.
  • Sourani, E., M. Modaresi, and M. Toghyani. 2016. “The Effects of Milk Thistle’s Extract on Blood Lipids in Broilers Under Heat Stress.” Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 8 (1): 478–482.
  • Šťastník, O., M. Jůzl, F. Karásek, D. Fernandová, E. Mrkvicová, L. Pavlata, Š. Nedomová, T. Vyhnánek, V. Trojan, and P. Doležal. 2019. “The Effect of Hempseed Expellers on Selected Quality Indicators of Broiler Chicken’s Meat.” Acta Veterinaria Brno 88 (1): 121–128. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb201988010121.
  • Šťastník, O., E. Mrkvicová, L. Pavlata, A. Roztočilová, B. Umlášková, and E. Anzenbacherová. 2019. “Performance, Biochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Hens Supplemented with Addition of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Seed Cakes in Diet.” Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 67 (4): 993–1003. https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201967040993.
  • Stastnik, O., L. Pavlata, and E. Mrkvicova. 2020. “The Milk Thistle Seed Cakes and Hempseed Cakes are Potential Feed for Poultry.” Animals 10 (8): 1384. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10081384.
  • Suchy, J. P., E. Strakova, V. Kummer, I. Herzig, V. Pisarikova, R. Blechova, and J. Mašková. 2008. “Hepatoprotective Effects of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Seed Cakes During the Chicken Broiler Fattening.” Acta Veterinaria Brno 77 (1): 31–38. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb200877010031.
  • Sulas, L., G. A. Re, S. Bullitta, and G. Piluzza. 2016. “Chemical and Productive Properties of Two Sardinian Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) Populations as Sources of Nutrients and Antioxidants.” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 63 (2): 315–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-015-0251-5.
  • Sultan, A., S. Ahmad, S. Khan, R. U. Khan, N. Chand, M. Tahir, and A. Shakoor. 2018. “Comparative Effect of Zinc Oxide and Silymarin on Growth, Nutrient Utilization and Hematological Parameters of Heat Distressed Broiler.” Pakistan Journal of Zoology 50 (2): 751–756‏. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2018.50.2.751.756.
  • Surai, P. F. 2015. “Silymarin as a Natural Antioxidant: An Overview of the Current Evidence and Perspectives.” Antioxidants 4 (1): 204–247. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox4010204.
  • Tahir, M. A., A. Abbas, M. Muneeb, R. M. Bilal, K. Hussain, A. M. E. Abdel-Moneim, and M. Alagawany. 2022. “Ochratoxicosis in Poultry: Occurrence, Environmental Factors, Pathological Alterations and Amelioration Strategies.” World’s Poultry Science Journal 78 (3): 727–749‏. https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2022.2090887.
  • Tahir, M. W., M. K. Saleemi, A. Khan, M. Yousaf, S. L. Butt, W. Siriwong, and A. S. Qureshi. 2017. “Hematobiochemical Effects of Cadmium Intoxication in Male Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) and Its Amelioration with Silymarin and Milk Thistle.” Toxin Reviews 36 (3): 187–193‏. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2017.1287088.
  • Talebi, A., A. Haghnazari Sadaghiani, and P. Zare. 2015. “Effects of Silymarin on Blood Parameters of Broilers in an Experimental Chronic Mycotoxicosis.” Journal of Mycology Research 2 (1): 31–39‏.
  • Tedesco, D., S. Steidler, S. Galletti, M. Tameni, O. Sonzogni, and L. Ravarotto. 2004. “Efficacy of Silymarin-Phospholipid Complex in Reducing the Toxicity of Aflatoxin B1 in Broiler Chicks.” Poultry Science 83 (11): 1839–1843. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.11.1839.
  • Tůmová, L., J. Tůma, K. Megušar, and M. Doležal. 2010. “Substituted Pyrazinecarboxamides as Abiotic Elicitors of Flavolignan Production in Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn Cultures in vitro.” Molecules 15 (1): 331–340. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15010331.
  • Wang, C., T. Zhang, X. Cui, S. Li, X. Zhao, and X. Zhong. 2013. “Hepatoprotective Effects of a Chinese Herbal Formula, Longyin Decoction, on Carbon-Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury in Chickens.” Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 39:27–43. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/392743.
  • Wu, J., Y. Lou, X. Yang, R. Wang, R. Zhang, J. Aa, G. Wang, and Y. Xie. 2023. “Silybin Regulates P450s Activity by Attenuating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Mouse Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.” Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 44 (1): 133–144‏. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41401-022-00924-4.
  • Yu, Z., F. Wu, J. Tian, X. Guo, and R. An. 2018. “Protective Effects of Compound Ammonium Glycyrrhizin, L-Arginine, Silymarin and Glucurolactone Against Liver Damage Induced by Ochratoxin a in Primary Chicken Hepatocytes.” Molecular Medicine Reports 18 (3): 2551–2560. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9285.
  • Zaker‐Esteghamati, H., A. Seidavi, and M. Bouyeh. 2021. “The Effects of Cynara scolymus and Silybum marianum on Growth, Carcass and Organ Characteristics, Immunity, Blood Constitutes, Liver Enzymes, Jejunum Morphology, and Fatty Acid Profile of Breast Meat in Broilers.” Food Science and Nutrition 9 (12): 6692–6706. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2620.
  • Zarei, A., M. Morovat, M. Chamani, A. A. Sadeghi, and P. Dadvar. 2016. “Effect of in Ovo Feeding and Dietary Feeding of Silybum marianum Extract on Performance, Immunity and Blood Cation-Anion Balance of Broiler Chickens Exposed to High Temperatures.” Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science 6 (3): 697–705‏. https://ijas.rasht.iau.ir/article_524846_f7460286bf46883a5d169b6a8144fd39.pdf.
  • Zhao, F., D. Shi, T. Li, L. Li, and M. Zhao. 2015. “Silymarin Attenuates Paraquat‐Induced Lung Injury via Nrf2‐Mediated Pathway in vivo and in vitro.” Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology 42 (9): 988–998‏. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.12448.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.