The Continuing Evolution of Forensic DNA Profiling - From STRS to SNPS

References

• Jeffreys , A J , Brookfield , J F Y and Semeonoff , R . 1985 . Positive identification of an imigration testcase using human DNA fingerprints . Nature , 317 : 818 – 819 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill , P , Jeffreys , A J and Werrett , D J . 1985 . Forensic application of DNA ‘fingerprints’ . Nature , 318 : 577 – 579 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galton , F . 1888 . Personal identification and description II . Nature , 38 : 201 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Galton , F . 1892 . Finger Prints , London : Macmillan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Evett , I W Werrett , D J . 1989 . DNA fingerprinting on trial . Nature , 340 : 435
   Google Scholar
• Lander , E S . 1989 . DNA fingerprinting on trial . Nature , 339 : 501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewontin , R C and Hartl , D L . 1991 . Population genetics in forensic DNA typing . Science , 254 : 1745 – 1750 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty , R and Kidd , K K . 1991 . The utility of DNA typing in forensic work . Science , 254 : 1735 – 1744 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freckelton , I . 1990 . DNA profiling: forensic science under the microscope . Criminal Law Journal , 14 : 23 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Freckelton , I . 1992 . Of blood, babies and bathwater - problems posed by DNA evidence . Alternative Law Journal , 17 : 10 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Giannelli , P C . 1993 . “Junk science”: the criminal cases . The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 84 : 105 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , W C . 1994 . DNA evidence in criminal law: new developments . Trial , 30 : 34 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Moenssens , A A . 1993 . Novel scientific evidence in criminal cases: some words of caution . The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 84 : 1 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , W C . 1993 . Evaluating the admissibility of the new genetic identification tests: lessons from the ‘DNA war’ . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 84 : 175 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devlin , B , Rish , N and Roeder , K . 1992 . Forensic inference from DNA fingerprints . Journal of the American Statistical Association , 87 : 337 – 350 .
   Google Scholar
• Evett , I W and Weir , B S . 1991 . Flawed reasoning in court . Chance: New Directions for Statistics and Computing , 4 : 19 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Weir , B S . 1992 . Population genetics in the forensic DNA debate . Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA , 89 : 11654 – 11659 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champod , C and Evett , I W . 2001 . A probabilistic approach to fingerprint evidence . Fingerprint Whorld , 27 : 95 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , S . 2001 . Suspect Identities: A History of Fingerprinting in Criminal Investigations , Boston, Ma. : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reeder , D J . 1999 . Impact of DNA typing on standards and practice in the forensic community . Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , 123 : 1063 – 1065 .
   Google Scholar
• Lynch , M . 2003 . God's signature: DNA profiling, the new gold standard in forensic science . Endeavour , 27 : 93 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston , M and Stormo , G D . 2003 . Heirlooms in the attic . Science , 302 : 997 – 999 .
   Google Scholar
• Mattick , J S . 1994 . Introns: Evolution and function . Current opinions in genetics and development , 4 : 823 – 831 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattick , J S . 2001 . Non-coding RNA's: the architects of eukaryotic complexity . European Molecular Biology Organisation reports , 2 : 986 – 991 .
   Google Scholar
• Budowle , B Chakraborty , R . 1991 . Analysis of the VNTR locus DIS80 by the PCR followed by high-resolution PAGE . American Journal of Human Genetics , 48 : 137 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saiki , R K Scharf , S . 1985 . Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia . Science , 230 : 1350 – 1354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullis , K and Faloona , F . 1987 . Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase catalysed chain reaction . Methods in Enzymology , 155 : 335 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saiki , R Gelfand , D H . 1988 . Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with thermostable DNA polymerase . Science , 239 : 487 – 491 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , A Hammond , H A . 1991 . DNA typing and genetic mapping at five trimeric and tetrameric tandem repreats . American Journal of Human Genetics , 49 : 746 – 756 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polymeropolous , M H Rath , D S . 1991 . Tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism at the human tyrosine hydrolase gene (TH) . Nucleic Acids Research , 19 : 3753
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker , J P Clayton , T M . 1995 . Short tandem repeat typing of bodies from a mass disaster: high success rate and characteristic amplifications in highly degraded samples . Bio Techniques , 18 : 670 – 677 .
   Google Scholar
• Clayton , T M , Whitaker , J P and Maguire , C N . 1995 . Identification of bodies from the scene of a mass disaster using DNA amplification of short tandem repeat (STR) loci . Forensic Science International , 76 : 7 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lins , A M Spreecher , C J . 1996 . Multiplex sets for the amplification of polymorphic short tandem repeat loci - silver stain and fluorescent detection . Bio Techniques , 20 : 882 – 889 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimpton , C P Gill , P . 1993 . Automated DNA profiling employing “multiplex” amplification of short tandem repeat loci . PCR Methods and Applications , 3 : 13 – 22 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sparkes , R L Kimpton , C . 1996 . The validation of a 7 locus multiplex STR test for use in forensic casework (i) mixtures, ageing, degradation and species studies . International Journal of Legal Medicine , 109 : 186 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparkes , R L Kimpton , C . 1996 . The validation of a 7 locus multiplex STR test for use in forensic casework (ii) artefacts, casework studies and success rates . International Journal of Legal Medicine , 109 : 195 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldroyd , N J Urquhart , A J . 1995 . A highly discriminating octoplex short tandem repeat polymerase chain reaction system suitable for human individual identification . Electrophoresis , 16 : 334 – 337 .
   Google Scholar
• Frank , W E Llewellyn , B E . 2001 . Validation of the AmpFISTR Profiler Plus amplification kit for use in forensic casework . Journal of Forensic Sciences , 46 : 642 – 646 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotton , E A Allsop , R F . 2000 . Validation of the AMPFISTR® SGM PlusTM system for use in forensic casework . Forensic Science International , 112 : 151 – 161 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krenke , B Tereba , A . 2002 . Validation of a 16-locus flourescent multiplex system . Journal of Forensic Sciences , 47 : 773 – 785 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , P Roby , R K . 2000 . Validation of the AmpFISTR Identifier PCR amplification kit . Proceedings of 11th International Symposiumon Human Identification . 2000 , Billoxi, Missouri.
   Google Scholar
• Webb , L G , Egan , S E and Turbett , G R . 2001 . Recovery of DNA for forensic analysis from lip cosmetics . Journal of Forensic Sciences , 46 : 1474 – 1479 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Oorschot , R A and Jones , M . 1997 . DNA fingerprints from fingerprints . Nature , 387 : 767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamir , A , Springer , E and Glattstein , B . 2000 . Fingerprints and DNA: STR typing of DNA extracted from adhesive tape after processing for fingerprints . Journal of Forensic Sciences , 45 : 687 – 688 .
   Google Scholar
• Bright , J A and Petricevic , S F . 2004 . Recovery of trace DNA and its application to DNA profiling of shoe insoles . Forensic Science International , 145 : 7 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegand , P and Kleiber , M . 1997 . DNA typing of epithelial cells after strangulation . International Journal of Legal Medicine , 110 : 181 – 183 .
   Google Scholar
• Lorente , M Entrala , C . 1998 . Dandruff as a potential source of DNA in forensic casework . Journal of Forensic Sciences , 43 : 648 – 656 .
   Google Scholar
• Abaz , J Walsh , S J . 2002 . Comparison of variables affecting the recovery of DNA from common drinking containers . Forensic Science International , 126 : 233 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• Sweet , D and Hildebrand , D . 1999 . Saliva from cheese bite yields DNA profile of a burglar: a case report . International Journal of Legal Medicine , 112 : 201 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Wiegand , T , Bajanowski , T and Brinkmann , B . 1993 . DNA typing of debris from fingernails . International Journal of Legal Medicine , 106 : 81 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Harbison , S A , Petricevic , S F and Vintiner , S K . 2003 . The persistence of DNA under fingernails following submersion in water . International Congress Series , 1239 : 809 – 813 .
   Google Scholar
• Walsh , S J . 2004 . Recent advances in forensic genetics . Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics , 4 : 31 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookes , A J . 1999 . The essence of SNPs . Gene , 234 : 177 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins , F , Brooks , L and Chakravarti , A . 1998 . A DNA polymorphism discovery resource for research on human genetic variation . Genome Research , 8 : 1229 – 1231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherry , S T Ward , M-H . 2001 . dbSNP: the NCBI database of genetic variation . Nucleic Acids Research , 29 : 308 – 311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morita , A Nakayama , T . 2006 . Genotyping of triallelic SNPs using TaqMan® PCR . Molecular and Cellular Probes , Nov 7 ‘Epub ahead of print’
   Google Scholar
• Butler , J M . 2005 . Forensic DNA Typing: Biology, Technology and Genetics of STR Markers , 2nd edition. , San Diego, Ca. : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reich , D E Schaffner , S F . 2002 . Human genome sequence variation and the influence of gene history, mutation and recombination . Nature Genetics , 32 : 135 – 142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber , J L and Wong , C . 1993 . Mutation of human short tandem repeats . Human Molecular Genetics , 2 : 1123 – 1128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobling , M A , Hurles , M E and Tyler-Smith , C . 2004 . Human Evolutionary Genetics , New York, , USA : Garland Science .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , D Fan , J . 1998 . Large-scale identification, mapping and genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorhisms in the human genome . Science , 280 : 1077 – 1082 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taillon-Miller , P Gu , Z . 1998 . Overlapping genomic sequences: a treasure trove of singlenucleotide polymorphisms . Genome Research , 8 : 748 – 754 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kwok , P Deng , Q . 1996 . Increasing information content of STS-based genome maps: Identifying polymorphisms in mapped STSs . Genomics , 31 : 123 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Li , W and Sadler , L . 1991 . Low nucleotide diversity in man . Genetics , 129 : 513 – 523 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cargill , M Altshuler , D . 1999 . Characterisation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes . Nature Genetics , 22 : 231 – 238 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , R , Taillon-Miller , P and Kwok , P . 2001 . Regions of low single-nucleotide polymorphism incidence in human and orangutan Xq: deserts and recent coalescences . Genomics , 71 : 78 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• YCC . 2002 . A nomenclature system for the tree of human Y chromosomal binary haplogroups . Genome Research , 12 : 339 – 348 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halushka , M Fan , J . 1999 . Patterns of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes for blood-pressure homeostasis . Nature Genetics , 22 : 1999
   Google Scholar
• Nickerson , D Taylor , S . 1998 . DNA sequence diversity in a 9.7kb region of the human lipoprotein lipase gene . Nature Genetics , 19 : 233 – 240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill , P Werrett , D J . 2004 . An assessment of whether SNPs will replace STRs in national DNA databases - Joint considerations of the DNA working group of the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI) and the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) . Science & Justice , 44 : 51 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill , P . 2001 . An assessment of the utility of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for forensic purposes . International Journal of Legal Medicine , 114 : 204 – 210 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanchez , J J Phillips , C . 2006 . A multiplex assay with 52 single nucleotide polymorphisms for human identification . Electrophoresis , 27 : 1713 – 1724 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon , L A Murray , C M . 2005 . Validation of a 21-locus autosomal SNP multiplex for forensic identification purposes . Forensic Science International , 154 : 62 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Gill , P , Sparkes , R L and Kimpton , C P . 1997 . Development of guidelines to designate alleles using an STR multiplex system . Forensic Science International , 89 : 185 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill , P Sparkes , R L . 1998 . Interpreting simple STR mixtures using allelic peak areas . Forensic Science International , 91 : 41 – 53 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clayton , T Whitaker , J P . 1998 . Analysis and interpretation of mixed forensic stains using DNA STR profiling . Forensic Science International , 91 : 55 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inagaki , S Yamamoto , Y . 2004 . A new 39-plex analysis method for SNPs including 15 blood group loci . Forensic Science International , 144 : 45 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Kidd , K K Pakstis , A J . 2006 . Developing a SNP panel for forensic identification of individuals . Forensic Science International , in press
   Google Scholar
• Sobrino , B , Brion , M and Carracedo , A . 2005 . SNPs in forensic genetics: a review on SNP typing methodologies . Forensic Science International , 154 : 181 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon , L Murray , C . 2005 . Validation of 21-locus autosomal SNP multiplex for forensic identification purposes . Forensic Science International , 154 : 62 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Dixon , L A , Koumi , P and Gill , P . 2006 . Development of an autosomal SNP multiplex containing 20 SNP loci plus amelogenin . International Congress Series , 1288 : 31 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Hiratsuka , M Tsukamoto , N . 2005 . Forensic assessment of 16 single nucleotide polymorphisms analysed by hybridisation probe assay . Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine , 207 : 255 – 261 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee , H Y Park , M J . 2005 . Selection of twenty-four highly informative SNP markers for human identification and paternity analysis in Koreans . Forensic Science International , 148 : 107 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Sturm , R Duffy , D . 2003 . Genetic association and cellular function of MCIR variant alleles in human pigmentation . Annals of the New York Academy of Science , 994 : 348 – 358 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burchill , S A , Ito , S and Thody , A J . 1993 . Effects of melanocyte-stimulating hormone on tyrosinase expression and melanin synthesis in hair follicular melanocytes of the mouse . Journal of Endocrinology , 137 : 189 – 95 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Box , N Wyeth , J . 1997 . Characterisation of melanocyte stimulating hormone receptor variant alleles in twins with red hair . Human Molecular Genetics , 6 : 1891 – 1897 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , R Healy , E . 1998 . Melanocortin 1 receptor variants in an Irish population . Journal of Investigative Dermatology , 111 : 119 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimes , E A Noakes , P J . 2001 . Sequence polymorphism in the human melanocortin 1 receptor gene as an indicator of the red hair phenotype . Forensic Science International , 122 : 124 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturm , R , Teasdale , R and Box , N . 2001 . Human pigmentation genes: identification, structure and consequences of polymorphic variation . Gene , 277 : 49 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanetsky , P Swoyer , J . 2002 . A polymorphism in the agouti signalling protein gene is associated with human pigmentation . American Journal of Human Genetics , 70 : 770 – 775 .
   Google Scholar
• Bonilla , C Boxill , L . 2005 . The 8818G allele of the agouti signalling protein (ASIP) gene is ancestral and is associated with darker skin colour in African Amercians . Human Genetics , 116 : 402 – 406 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frudakis , T Thomas , M . 2003 . Sequences associated with human iris pigmentation . Genetics , 165 : 2071 – 2083 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturm , R and Frudakis , T . 2004 . Eye colour: portals into pigmentation genes and ancestry . Trends in Genetics , 20 : 327 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klintschar , M Furedi , S . 2003 . Estimating the ethnic origin (EEO) of individuals using short tandem repeat loci of forensic relevance . International Congress Series , 1239 : 53 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Lowe , A L Urquhart , A . 2001 . Inferring ethnic origin by means of an STR profile . Forensic Science International , 119 : 17 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Vallone , P , Decker , A and Butler , J . 2004 . Allele frequencies for 70 autosomal SNP loci with US Caucasian, African-American, and Hispanic samples . Forensic Science International , 149 : 279 – 286 .
   Google Scholar
• Shriver , M Parra , E . 2003 . Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping . Human Genetics , 112 : 387 – 399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frudakis , T Venkateswarlu , K . 2003 . A classifier for the SNP-based inference of ancestry . Journal of Forensic Sciences , 48 : 771 – 782 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underhill , P A Shen , P . 2000 . Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations . Nature Genetics , 26 : 358 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underhill , P A Passarino , G . 2001 . The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations . Annals of Human Genetics , 65 : 43 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jobling , M A and Tyler-Smith , C . 2003 . The human Y chromosome: an evolutionary marker comes of age . Nature Reviews Genetics , 4 : 598 – 612 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , M R and Allard , M W . 2004 . Phylogentics and mitochondrial DNA . Forensic Science Review , 16 : 37 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Budowle , B Planz , J V . 2004 . Single nucleotide polymorphisms and microarray technology in forensic genetics - development and application to mitochondrial DNA . Forensic Science Review , 16 : 21 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Jobling , M A . 1999 . The Y chromosome as a forensic tool: progress and prospects for the new millennium . Proceedings of First International Conference on Forensic Human Identification in the Millennium . 1999 , London.
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez , J J Borsting , C . 2003 . Multiplex PCR and minisequencing of SNPs - a model with 35 Y chromosome SNPs . Forensic Science International , 137 : 74 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brion , M Sobrino , B . 2004 . Hierachical analysis of 30 Y-chromosome SNPs in European populations . International Journal of Legal Medicine , 119 : 10 – 15 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quintans , B Alvarez-Iglesias , V . 2004 . Typing of mitochondrial DNA coding region SNPs of forensic and anthropological interest using SNaPshot minisequencing . Forensic Science International , 140 : 251 – 257 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brion , M Sanchez , J J . 2005 . Introduction of an single nucleodite polymorphism-based “Major Y-chromosome haplogroup typing kit” suitable for predicting the geographical origin of male lineages . Electrophoresis , 26 : 4411 – 4420 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanchez , J J , Borsting , C and Morling , N . 2005 . Typing of Y chromosome SNPs with multiplex PCR methods . Methods in Molecular Biology , 297 : 209 – 228 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coble , M D Just , R S . 2004 . Single nucleotide polymorphisms over the entire mtDNA genome that increase the power of forensic testing in Caucasians . International Journal of Legal Medicine , 118 : 137 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinchin , R . 2006 . The use of forensic databases to generate intelligence leads . Proceedings of The 18th ANZFSS International Symposium on the Forensic Sciences . 2006 , Fremantle, WA.
   Google Scholar
• Daniel , R , Walsh , S J and Piper , A . 2006 . Investigation of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with ethnicity . International Congress Series , 1288 : 79 – 81 .
   Google Scholar