References
- Walzer , Michael . 1995 . “ ‘Nation and Universe,’ in ” . In The Tanner Lectures on Human Values Edited by: Peterson , G. B. See, for example, vol. xi (Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press 1990); Charles Taylor, Multiculturalism and ‘The Politics of Recognition,’ Amy Gutmann, ed. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 1992); Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1995); David Miller, On Nationality (Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- 1991 . Nations and Nationalism Oxford : Blackwell . I will not have much to say about historical and sociological studies of nationalism, but I should note that the reflections that follow have been influenced significantly by some important contemporary accounts—especially Ernest Gellner, 1982), Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1780 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1990), and Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, rev. ed. (London: Verso.
- Freud , Sigmund . 1927 . The Future of an Illusion Edited by: Strachy , James . See in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, vol. xxi (London: Hogarth Press 1961).
- 1965 . The Elementary Forms of Religious Life New York : The Free Press . Since ‘religion’ can legitimately assume a variety of meanings, I should say that it is mainly theism that I have in mind. In this respect, Emile Durkheim's is exemplary. For Durkheim, ‘religion’ designates the cement of society, the mechanism(s) through which societies cohere. As such, it can no more wither away than society itself can. But a key aspect of religion, so conceived, is its system of ‘collective representations.’ In Durkheim's view, collective representations take on a theistic ideational content as human civilization advances beyond its primitive, ‘elementary’ stage. But the further advance of civilization will, in time, cause theistic ideation to give way to a broadly secular and naturalistic worldview. Durkheim surmised that, by his time, theism was already on the wane. In this respect, he shared the fate of many other progressive nineteenth-century thinkers who may well have been right about humanity's prospects but who were woefully wrong in estimating its rate of progress.
- 1988 . Did the Greeks Believe in their Myths: An Essay on the Constitutive Imagination Chicago : University of Chicago Press . For an illuminating discussion of this phenomenon, see Paul Veyne, Paula Wissing, trans.
- Turneil , Martin , ed. 1962 . Pascal's Pensées New York : Harper . Emblematic of this state of mind was Pascal's agonized but successful attempt to instill belief in a God whose existence he thought improbable—through ratiocination (‘the wager’) and indirection (as in the injunction to ‘practice first’). See and trans. & Bros.
- Kant , Immanuel . 1970 . “ ‘What Is Enlightenment?’ in ” . In Kant's Political Writings Edited by: Reiss , Hans . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . See.
- Kant . See ‘What is Enlightenment?’ ‘Self-incurred nonage’ was Kant's expression for the antithesis of the Enlightenment ideal.
- Dukas , H. and Hoffman , B. 1979 . Albert Einstein: The Human Side Princeton : Princeton University Press . Cited in and in David Miller, On Nationality, 5
- Marx , Karl . 1994 . “ ‘Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's ” . In Philosophy of Right; Introduction,’ in !Joseph O'Malley, Marx: Early Political Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Hobsbawm , Eric . 1994 . The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991 New York : Pantheon .
- Rawls , John . 1971 . A Theory of Justice Cambridge , Ma : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . See and Political Liberalism (New York: Columbia University Press 1993).
- Kymlicka . Multicultural Citizenship. Cf. Immigrant groups, in Kymlicka's view, do not have similar claims, no matter how large they may be, because immigrants choose to join political communities in which their particular nationalist attachments are alien. However, the distinction is not always clear; thus immigrants can settle or be settled in ways that effectively (re)constitute a national community and thereby acquire the various rights which that status confers.
- Shields , Currin V. , ed. 1956 . On Liberty New York : Bobbs Merrill . John Stuart Mill, 13
- The mainstream view, at least since Gellner's pioneering work (see note 2), is that nationalism is indispensable for modernization; it supplies a cultural context within which strangers can interact in the ways they must if genuinely national economies are to develop.
- The Oxford English Dictionary defines ‘culture’ as ‘the intellectual side’ of ‘civilization.’ In The Future of an Illusion, 5–6, Freud declared his intention to use ‘culture’ and ‘civilization’ synonymously.
- 1995 . Republics, Nations and “Ribes London : Verso . Martin Thom argues persuasively that the rejection of republicanism, a reigning doctrine in revolutionary France, and its replacement by the various strains of nationalism that the Romantic movement developed was, in large part, an expression of revulsion towards the more radical phases of the French Revolution, especially the Great Terror. See.
- 1993 . The Politics of Autonomy Amherst , Ma : University of Massachusetts Press . I elaborate on the claims advanced in this paragraph in 1976), The End of the State (London: Verso 1987), and The General Will: Rousseau, Marx, Communism (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
- The Social Contract, Book I, ch. 6
- 1979 . Democracy and Education, Middle Works In vol. 9 (Carbondale: University of Southern Illinois Press, John Dewey argued, for this reason, that American patriotism is justified because Americans live under generally progressive and democratic institutions. Needless to say, this assessment depends on accepting a construal of American history that stresses the democratic aspects of the American experience, while discounting or ignoring, among other things, America's treatment of indigenous peoples, slavery, economic exploitation, imperialism, and so on. But whatever the merits of Dewey's historical assessment, the theoretical principle he assumes is essentially identical to the rationale for republican patriotism.
- For corroborating evidence, see, among others, the sources cited in note 2.
- Renan , Ernst . 1939 . “ ‘What is a Nation?’ in ” . In Modern Political Doctrines Edited by: Zimmern , Alfred . Oxford : Oxford University Press . See.
- Anderson . Imagined Communities. See
- 1994 . Encounters with Nationalism Oxford : Blackwell . Some case studies are sketched in Ernest Gellner,:, and in the sources cited in note 2.