Japanese Cultural Diplomacy in Action: The Zenrin kyōkai in Inner Mongolia, 1933-45

References

• Aydin , C. 2007 . “Beyond Eurocentrism? Japan's Islamic Studies during the Era of the Greater East Asia War (1937-1945)” . In The Islamic Middle East and Japan: Perceptions, Aspirations, and the Birth of Intra-Asian Modernity , Edited by: Worringer , R. 137 – 62 . Princeton : Markus Wiener .
   Google Scholar
• Bagish , M. and Conroy , H. 1978 . “Japanese Aggression against China: The Question of Responsibility” . In China and Japan: A Search for Balance Since World War I , Edited by: Coox , A. D. and Conroy , H. 325 – 33 . Santa Barbara : ABC-Clio .
   Google Scholar
• Boyd , J. 2005 . “A Forgotten “Hero”: Kawahara Misako and Japan's Informal Imperialism in Mongolia during the Meiji Period” . Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context , 11 http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue11/boyd.html (downloaded 30 August 2005)
   Google Scholar
• Boyd , J. 2010 . Faith, Race and Strategy: Japanese-Mongolian Relations, 1873-1945 , Folkestone : Global Oriental .
   Google Scholar
• Collier , D. and Malone , Lt-Col. L'E. 1936 . Manchoukuo: Jewel of Asia , London : George Allen & Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Dallin , D. 1949 . Soviet Russia and the Far East , London : Hollis and Carter .
   Google Scholar
• Elliot , M. 2000 . “The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies” . Journal of Asian Studies , 59 ( 3 ) : 603 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Esenbel , S. 2002 . “Japan and Islam Policy during the 1930s” . In Turning Points in Japanese History , Edited by: Edström , B. 180 – 214 . Richmond : Japan Library .
   Google Scholar
• Esenbel , S. 2004 . “Japan's Global Claim to Asia and the World of Islam: Transnational Nationalism and World Power, 1900-1945” . American Historical Review , 109 ( 4 ) : 1140 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogel , J. 2000 . The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Friters , G. 1951 . Outer Mongolia and its International Position , London : George Allen & Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Fujieda , A. , Haruyama , A. and Morita , K. 1986 . “Seihoku kenkyūjo no omoide: Fujieda Akira hakushi danwa kiroku [Memories of the Northwest Research Institute: A Record of a Conversation with Professor Fujieda]” . Narashigaku , 4 : 57 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , S. 2002 . Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932-1945, and the American Cover-up, , revised edition , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Haslam , J. 1983 . Soviet Foreign Policy, 1930-33: The Impact of the Depression , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Hata , I. 1961 . Nitchū sensō shi [A History of the Sino-Japanese War] , Tōkyō : Kawade shobō shinsha .
   Google Scholar
• Hata , I. 1991 . Nihon riku-kaigun sōgō jiten [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy] , Tōkyō : Tōkyō daigaku shuppansha .
   Google Scholar
• Heissig , W. 1966 . A Lost Civilization: The Mongols Rediscovered , London : Thames and Hudson .
   Google Scholar
• Hirano , K. 1981 . “Racial Harmony – A “Cover-up” Ideology for a Puppet State” . Proceedings of the British Association for Japanese Studies , 6 ( 1 ) : 92 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Iiyama , T. and Hazama , O. 1941 . Mōkyō no tabi: Hokushi hakengun hōdōbu ken'etsusai [Mengchiang Journey: North China Army News Section Review] , Tōkyō : Sanseidō .
   Google Scholar
• Itō , K. 1939 . “Toku-Ō no kinjō to shinsei Mōko [Prince Teh's Present Status and the new Mongolia]” . Chūō kōron , 627 : 198 – 206 .
   Google Scholar
• Jagchid , S. 1999 . The Last Mongol Prince: The Life and Times of Demchugdongrob, 1902-1966 , Bellingham : Center for East Asian Studies, Western Washington University .
   Google Scholar
• Japan Chronicle Weekly Edition . 12 May 1938 . “Mongolian Mission in Kobe – Welcome Reception Held at the Muslim Mosque” . 12 May , 594
   Google Scholar
• Kantōgun sanbō honbu [Kwantung Army headquarters] . 26 October 1933 . “Nekkashō yori mitaru Mōko minzoku ni tsuite [The Mongol race as seen from Jehol province]” . 26 October , in Bōeichō shiryōkan, Tokyo, Rikugun file box 1: Sōgun, Subsection: Manshū jihen, card 351
   Google Scholar
• Kantōgun sanbō honbu [Kwantung Army headquarters] . 25 July 1935 . “Tai-Naimō shisaku yōryō [Essentials of policy on Inner Mongolia]” . 25 July , in Bōeichō shiryōkan, Tokyo, Rikugun file box 56: Sensō shidō, card 659
   Google Scholar
• Kantōgun sanbō honbu [Kwantung Army headquarters] . January 1936 . “Tai-Mō (seihoku) shisaku yōryō [Essentials of policy on (Northwest) Mongolia]” . January , in Bōeichō shiryōkan, Tokyo, Rikugun file box 1: Sōgun, Subsection: Man-Mō, card 178
   Google Scholar
• Keene , D. 1971 . “The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95 and Its Cultural Effects in Japan” . In Tradition and Modernization in Japanese Culture , Edited by: Shively , D. 133 – 43 . Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kimura , H. 1990 . Japanese Agent in Tibet: My Ten Years of Travel in Disguise , London : Serindia Publications . As told to Scott Berry
   Google Scholar
• Kishi , Y. 1981 . “Kaimin jojuku no shimai [Muslim Girls' School Sisters]” . In Zenrin kyōkai shi: Uchimōko ni okeru bunka katsudō [A history of the Zenrin Kyōkai: Its cultural activities in Inner Mongolia] , Edited by: Zenrinkai . 226 – 7 . Tōkyō : no publisher listed .
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi , H. 2006 . “Mantetsu chōsabu [South Manchurian Railway Company Research Department]” . In Manshū teikoku [Imperial Manchuria] , Edited by: Ryōji , Imawaki . 140 – 3 . Tōkyō : Gakkan .
   Google Scholar
• Korenaga , T. 1973 . “Zenrin Kaimin jojuku no omoide [Memories of the Zenrin Muslim Girls' School],” . In Kōgen senri (Mōko kaikoroku) [The Thousand li Plateau (Memories of Mongolia)] , Edited by: honbu , Rakudakai . 372 – 4 . Tōkyō : Rakudakai honbu .
   Google Scholar
• Lattimore , O. 1969 . The Mongols of Manchuria: Their Tribal Divisions, Geographical Distribution, Historical Relations with Manchus and Chinese, and Present Political Problems , New York : Howard Fertig. Reprint of the 1934 edition published by Howard Fertig .
   Google Scholar
• Lattimore , O. 1990 . China Memoirs: Chiang Kai-shek and the War Against Japan , Tokyo : University of Tokyo Press . Compiled by Fujiko Isono
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald , C. 1999 . “‘Kill All, Burn All, Loot All’: The Nanking Massacre of December 1937 and Japanese Policy in China” . In The Massacre in History , Edited by: Levene , M. and Roberts , P. 223 – 45 . New York : Berghahn Books .
   Google Scholar
• Matsui , T. 1966 . Naimō sangokushi [An Inner Mongolian sangokushi] , Tōkyō : Hara shobō .
   Google Scholar
• Matsumuro , T. 24 January 1934 . “Report to Koiso Kuniaki” . 24 January , contained in “Mōko ni kansuru shoruitei moto rikugunshō shōshō Matsumuro Takayoshi [Various Materials Relating to Mongolia from Former Army Lieutenant-General Matsumuro Takayoshi],” in Bōeichō shiryōkan, Tokyo, Rikugun file box 56, Sensō shidō, card 568
   Google Scholar
• Matsunaga , A. 2003 . “Ayaz İshaki and Turco-Tartars in the Far East” . In The Rising Sun and the Turkish Crescent: New Perspectives on the History of Japanese-Turkish Relations , Edited by: Esenbel , S. and Chiharu , I. 197 – 215 . Istanbul : Bogaziçi University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McCormack , G. 1991 . “Manchukuo: Constructing the Past” . East Asian History , 1 ( 2 ) : 105 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitter , R. 2000 . The Manchurian Myth: Nationalism, Resistance, and Collaboration in Modern China , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mogi , S. and Vere Redman , H. 1935 . The Problem of the Far East , London : Victor Gollancz .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , H. 1945 . Soviet Far Eastern Policy, 1931-1945 , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mori , H. 2000 . Toku-ō no kenkyū [Research on Prince Teh] , Tokorozawa, Saitama : Sōdosha .
   Google Scholar
• Nakajima , M. 2000 . Toku-ō to tomo ni [With Prince Teh] , Ōsaka : privately published .
   Google Scholar
• Narangoa , L. 2001 . “Educating Mongols and Making “Citizens” of Manchukuo” . Inner Asia , 3 : 101 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• North China Herald . 8 April 1936a . “Mongol Distress” . 8 April , 45
   Google Scholar
• North China Herald . 25 March 1936b . “A Devastating Winter in Mongolia” . 25 March , 521
   Google Scholar
• Office of Strategic Services . 20 August 2004 1943 . “Japanese Infiltration Among the Muslims Throughout the World”, “Quoted in Japan Courted Muslims: '43 OSS Paper” . In Japan Times 20 August 2004 , http://www.japantimes.com/cgi-bin/getarticle.pl5?nn20040820a8.htm (downloaded 20 August 2004)
   Google Scholar
• Ōhama , T. 2003 . Shomin no mita Nisshin Nichiro sensō: teikoku e no ayumi [How the People Saw the Sino-Japanese and Russo-Japanese Wars: The March to Empire] , Tōkyō : Tōsui shobō .
   Google Scholar
• Onon , U. 2006 . My Mongolian World: From Onon Bridge to Cambridge , Folkestone : Global Oriental .
   Google Scholar
• Rakudakai , honbu . 1973 . Kōgen senri (Mōko kaikoroku) [The Thousand li Plateau (Memoirs of Mongolia)] , Tōkyō : Rakudakai honbu .
   Google Scholar
• Rakudakai , honbu . 1975 . Omoide no Uchimōko: Uchimōko kaikoroku [Inner Mongolian Memories: Memoirs of Inner Mongolia] , Tōkyō : Kōdansha sābisu sentā .
   Google Scholar
• Rottman , G. 2005 . Japanese Army in World War II: Conquest of the Pacific 1941-42 , Oxford : Osprey Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Rupen , R. 1977 . Mongols of the Twentieth Century , Richmond : Curzon Press. A reprint of the 1964 edition published by the Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University .
   Google Scholar
• Sanbō honbu [Army General Staff] . 1942 . Kaikyōken teiyō [A Compendium of the Muslim World] , Tōkyō : no publisher listed .
   Google Scholar
• Sanjdorj , M. 1980 . Manchu Chinese Colonial Rule in Northern Mongolia , London : C. Hurst & Company .
   Google Scholar
• Sheridan , J. 1966 . Chinese Warlord: The Career of Feng Yü-hsiang , Stanford : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shimizu , A. 2003 . “Anthropology and the Wartime Situation of the 1930s and the 1940s: Masao Oka, Yoshitarō Hirano, Eiichirō Ishida and Their Negotiations with the Situation” . In Wartime Japanese Anthropology in Asia and the Pacific , Edited by: Shimizu , A. and van Bremen , J. 49 – 108 . Osaka : National Museum of Ethnology .
   Google Scholar
• Shiratori , K. 1935 . Tō-A bunka ronshū [Collection of Essays on East Asian culture] , Tōkyō : Tō-A bunka kyōkai .
   Google Scholar
• Shōwa jinmei jiten [A Dictionary of Shōwa Personalities] . 1943 [1987] . “Japanese Aggression against China: The Question of Responsibility” . In China and Japan: A Search for Balance Since World War I , Vol. 1 , 206 Tōkyō : Teikoku himitsu tanteisha, reprinted Tōkyō: Nihon tosho sentā .
   Google Scholar
• Stalker , N. 2008 . Prophet Motive: Deguchi Onisaburō, Oomoto, and the Rise of New Religions in Imperial Japan , Honolulu : University of Hawai'i Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stein , G. 1936 . Far East in Ferment , London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Tan'o , Y. and Kawada , A. 1996 . Imēji no naka no sensō: Nisshin Nichiro kara reisen made [Imaginary in War: From the Sino-Japanese to the Cold War] , Tōkyō : Iwanami shoten .
   Google Scholar
• Tiltman , H. 1937 . The Far East Comes Nearer , Sydney : Angus and Robertson .
   Google Scholar
• Timperley , H. 1938 . What War Means: The Japanese Terror in China, A Documentary Record , London : Victor Gollancz .
   Google Scholar
• Tsuzuku , M. , Konagaya , Y. , Harayama , A. and Billingsley , P. 2006 . Zenrin kyōkai no hibi: Tsuzuku Muneo shi danwa kiroku [Days of the Zenrin kyōkai: A Record of Conversations with Mr Tsuzuku Muneo] , Ōsaka : Momoyama gakuin daigaku sōgō kenkyūjo .
   Google Scholar
• Uchida , Y. 1984 . Uchimōko ni okeru dokuritsu undō [The Inner Mongolian Independence Movement] , Fukuoka : Asahi shinbun seibu honsha henshū shuppan sentā .
   Google Scholar
• Ueda , H. 1973 . “Tsuioku no ki [Record of Reminiscences]” . In Kōgen senri (Mōko kaikoroku) [The Thousand li Plateau (Memoirs of Mongolia)] , Edited by: honbu , Rakudakai . 569 – 75 . Tōkyō : Rakudakai honbu .
   Google Scholar
• United States Military Intelligence Reports: China, 1911-1941 . 1936 . “Comments on Current Events April 11-24 1936” . Frederick, Md : University Publications of America, reel 2, frame 0440 .
   Google Scholar
• van Bremen , J. 2003 . “Wartime Anthropology: A Global Perspective” . In Wartime Japanese Anthropology in Asia and the Pacific , Edited by: Shimizu , A. and van Bremen , J. 13 – 48 . Osaka : National Museum of Ethnology .
   Google Scholar
• Yamashita , S. 2004 . “Constructing Selves and Others in Japanese Anthropology: The Case of Micronesia and Southeast Asian Studies” . In The Making of Anthropology in East and Southeast Asia , Edited by: Yamashita , S. , Bosco , J. and Eades , J. 90 – 113 . New York : Berghahn Books .
   Google Scholar
• Yamashita , S. , Bosco , J. and Eades , J. 2004 . “Asian Anthropologies: Foreign, Native, and Indigenous” . In The Making of Anthropology in East and Southeast Asia , Edited by: Yamashita , S. , Bosco , J. and Eades , J. 1 – 34 . New York : Berghahn Books .
   Google Scholar
• Yomiuri-Hōchi shinbun . 5 October 1943a . “ Tatakau Nihon kengaku Kaikyōtō joshi hō-Nichi dan asu nyūkyō [The Arrival in Tokyo of a Party of Muslim Women in Japan to Observe Japan at War] ” . 5 October , 3
   Google Scholar
• Yomiuri-Hōchi shinbun . 7 October 1943b . “ Kaikyō hō-Nichi joshidan raisha [Visits by the Party of Muslim Women in Japan to Companies] ” . 7 October , 2
   Google Scholar
• Yoshimura , C. 1935 . Gaimōko no gensei [The Current Situation in Outer Mongolia] , Tōkyō : Nihon kōronsha .
   Google Scholar
• Young , L. 1998 . Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zenrinkai . 1981 . Zenrin kyōkai shi: Uchimōko ni okeru bunka katsudō [A History of the Zenrin Kyōkai: Its Cultural Activities in Inner Mongolia] , Tōkyō : no publisher listed .
   Google Scholar
• Zenrin , kyōkai chōsabu . 1936 . Mōko nenkan: Shōwa jūichinen han [Mongolian Yearbook] , Tōkyō : Zenrin kyōkai .
   Google Scholar
• Zenrin , kyōkai chōsabu . 1938 . Mōko taikan: Shōwa jūsannen han [Mongolian Encyclopedia] , Tōkyō : Kaizōsha .
   Google Scholar